Violin
(麻豆淫院Org.com) -- Antonio Stradivari is the most famous instrument maker of all time. He was especially famous for his violins, which he produced in Cremona from about 1665 until his death in 1737. In particular, the legendary varnish on his instruments has fascinated musicians, violinmakers, historians, and chemists since the beginning of the 19th century -- inciting controversial speculation about "secret" ingredients. The use of analytical processes has allowed a team of scientists from various French and German institutions to shine a light on the mystery.
As the researchers led by Jean-Philippe Echard (Cit茅 de la musique -- Mus茅e de la musique, Paris) and Lo膹c Bertrand (IPANEMA -- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette) report in the journal Angewandte Chemie, Stradivari used completely common and easily obtained materials that were broadly used in 18th century decorative arts and paintings.
The team examined five Stradivari violins that have been in the collection of the Mus茅e de la musique for at least a century: a 鈥淟ong Pattern鈥� model, possibly from the year 1692, the 鈥淒avidoff鈥�, dated from the year 1708, the 鈥淧rovigny鈥� from 1716 (the picture shows a cross-section of its varnish with the wood at the bottom), the 鈥淪arasate鈥� from 1724, and the head of a viola d鈥檃more, dated from around 1720. The researchers took samples containing both wood and varnish from carefully selected locations and subjected them to complementary spectroscopic and microscopic examinations.
鈥淎lthough the five instruments were produced over a period of three decades, their varnishes are very similar,鈥� explains Echard. 鈥淪tradivari first applied a layer of an oil comparable to the oils used by painters of the same epoch, without fillers or pigments to seal the wood. We did not find a mineral-rich layer, as some earlier work suggests. The master violinmaker next applied a slightly tinted oil-resin layer. We have detected nothing that would have suggested the use of protein-containing materials, gums, or fossil resins.鈥�
The researchers found no pigments in the outer layer of the 鈥淟ong Pattern鈥� model. In earlier examinations, they found the red pigment vermilion on the 鈥淪arasate鈥�. Now they have detected two other red pigments in Stradivari鈥檚 varnish: red iron oxides and a lake pigment made of an anthraquinone dye, probably chochineal, on an alumina substrate. Bertrand indicates that a very broad array of techniques was an absolute necessity to cope with the analytical challenge of studying such complex micro samples.
Stradivari therefore used materials that were easily obtained and broadly used in his time. The use of multiple red pigments allowed him to give a variety of tints to his instruments, which are still highly praised for their beautiful appearance. Says Echard, 鈥� Stradivari thus did not use any unusual or secret ingredients, he was simply a true master of his craft.鈥�
More information: Jean-Philippe Echard, The Nature of the Extraordinary Finish of Stradivari's Instruments, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2010, 49, No. 1,
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