麻豆淫院

Before the information revolution of recent decades, sports analysis largely consisted of vague talk about the intangible qualities of players and teams: games and championships were often said to be won because of heart, will and clutch ability.

Then sports fans started getting their hands on statistics, and before long, mainstream sports discussions began revolving around numbers-based arguments about the objective quality of players and teams.

鈥淭he psychologists were dethroned by analytics,鈥� noted writer Malcolm Gladwell, moderating a panel at the MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference, held on March 4 and March 5 at the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center.

In overthrowing decades of conventional thinking, sports analytics tend to emphasize the efficiency of athletes and teams, so percentage-based stats are most important. In baseball, on-base and slugging percentages matter more than, say, runs batted in. In basketball, shooting percentage is vital, not just points scored.

The MIT conference convenes sports executives 鈥� such as Daryl Morey, SM 鈥�00, the general manager of the NBA鈥檚 Houston Rockets and a co-founder of the conference, and Mark Cuban, owner of the NBA鈥檚 Dallas Mavericks 鈥� with analysts and media figures, such as ESPN鈥檚 Bill Simmons and Michael Wilbon. This year鈥檚 event featured more than 20 panels and 100-plus speakers, with 1,500 attendees including analysts from 36 different professional sports teams. An academic research-paper competition drew more than 100 entries, and non-sports companies such as Google and Goldman Sachs sent representatives to hunt for sharp analytical minds and new trends.

Nonetheless, many panelists noted the limits of analytics. 鈥淲e鈥檙e trying to predict the future, and there is error inherent in that,鈥� said Joe Bohringer, SM 鈥�93, a scout for baseball鈥檚 Arizona Diamondbacks.

Moreover, teams are still struggling to determine which of their prospects have the mentality needed to succeed, a major conference theme. 鈥淣ow that we鈥檝e ensconced analytics into the game, we [also] want psychology,鈥� Gladwell added.

Don鈥檛 kill the ump; just influence him

Sports analytics first earned national exposure through Bill James鈥� annual Baseball Abstract books in the 1980s, which exploded many baseball myths. The field gained cachet after Michael Lewis鈥� 2003 bestseller Moneyball showed how baseball鈥檚 Oakland Athletics built their organization around Jamesian analysis. Baseball analytics is now a mature field with debates revolving around details, not general principles.

But blockbuster work in sports analytics is still possible, and this year鈥檚 conference featured one such presentation: Economist Tobias Moskowitz, of the University of Chicago鈥檚 Booth School of Business, who with journalist Jon Wertheim has found compelling evidence that home-field or home-court advantage in all major team sports is principally due to the influence of referees. Crowds exert pressure on referees, who avoid incurring the wrath of fans by making close calls that consistently favor home teams.

鈥淭here鈥檚 no conspiracy here,鈥� Moskowitz told a standing-room only crowd at his talk on Friday. Rather, he said, referees do 鈥渁 great job鈥� in relative terms, but still tend to favor home teams because 鈥渢hey鈥檙e human. Psychology and social pressure is very powerful.鈥�

Moskowitz and Wertheim have ruled out other factors that might create home-team advantage. Athletes are not more energetic at home (major-league pitchers throw at the same velocity at home and on the road); opponents are not intimidated by the crowds (basketball players make free throws at the same rate whether home or away); and the rigors of travel only have a modest effect in one league, the NBA (and visiting teams that travel small distances fare no differently than those traveling long distances).

Instead, to cite one example, baseball umpires instinctively favor home teams, as the researchers found by studying the locations of about a million pitches through Pitch F/X, a video tracking system. When the NFL adopted instant replay in 1999, for definitive rulings on some plays, fumble recoveries awarded to home teams dropped by 30 percent. When Italy鈥檚 top soccer league, Serie A, played games with no fans a few years ago due to prior spectator violence, home-field advantage dropped by 80 percent. 鈥淩eferees, we believe, tend to see things the way the crowd does,鈥� said Moskowitz (who with Wertheim writes about the findings in a new book, Scorecasting.)

Managing the managers

Another prevalent theme at the conference was the need to translate the insights of analytics into practical suggestions for skeptical coaches.

鈥淭he biggest challenge we have is how to give our input to managers,鈥� said Blake Wooster, head of the business development team at Prozone, a British firm that uses elaborate in-stadium video systems to develop soccer statistics.

But some managers do use metrics. In the English Premier League, apparently traditionalist manager Sam Allardyce of the also-ran club Bolton Wanderers quietly started using analytics several years ago. At the soccer analytics panel, analyst Gavin Fleig, then with Bolton, recounted how he helped research ways to make Bolton more effective at the scoring opportunities that arise from free kicks, corner kicks and long throw-ins; the club finished as high as seventh one season. On a football analytics panel, former New York Jets and Cleveland Browns head coach Eric Mangini said he used analytics for everything from game strategy 鈥� such as when to go for it on fourth down 鈥� to assessing his team practices.

Elevated analysis

Inside professional teams or outside them, sports analytics still boils down to curious minds answering unresolved questions. Consider Tyler Williams, a third-year PhD student in MIT鈥檚 Department of Economics who typically examines education issues, but had an entry in the conference鈥檚 research-paper track, 鈥淭he Effects of Altitude on Soccer Match Outcomes.鈥�

FIFA, soccer鈥檚 international governing body, has sometimes barred South American countries 鈥� principally Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador 鈥� from playing home matches in high-elevation cities where opponents struggle to acclimate.

Williams looked at the numbers, isolating the effects of altitude by examining what happens when the same matchups occur at lower altitudes. The result: Visiting teams perform especially poorly in Quito, Ecuador (elevation 9,200 feet), and La Paz, Bolivia (elevation nearly 12,000 feet), but play well in Bogota, Colombia (elevation roughly 8,000 feet). Thus, Williams, concludes, 鈥渟tadium altitudes should not be restricted鈥� below Quito鈥檚 level.

Sports analytics, Williams said to MIT News, is similar to macroeconomic analysis; in both cases, researchers try to tease determining causal factors out of complicated events that never precisely repeat. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a bit like trying to analyze an economy when you can鈥檛 do an experiment on it,鈥� noted Williams. 鈥淭here are interesting problems in sports analytics, and there is something to learn from it.鈥�

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