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Wildfires are raging in the Mediterranean. What can we learn?

In Italy, firefighters across the country are battling , the flames fanned by a combination of heat and drought.

This is just the latest in a succession of fires in the Mediterranean. In June, forest fires in Portugal in Pedrógão Grande, in the Leira district, and immediately afterwards went up in flames, forcing the evacuation of more than 1,500 people from homes and campsites.

Fires are expected in the summer, but they don't usually have such severe consequences. These incidents highlight the need to rethink how landscapes can be managed to protect people and sustain ecosystems when the region's climate and population are rapidly changing.

Reforestation

Today, , including the Mediterranean, southern Australia and western United States, are seeing higher risks of fire, a change associated with a warming climate and the near densely forested landscapes.

It's not that southern Europeans are moving to the forest – quite the opposite, in fact. Across the Mediterranean, decades of economic and social changes have led to rural depopulation as people move to larger cities.

In 1950, almost 50% of the Spanish population lived in rural areas. By 1990, that figure .

As a result, landscapes that previously comprised small-scale mosaics of farmland, grazing land and relatively open forests are now . As an example, see the images below of the same Spanish landscape in the 1900s and today.

Forest plantations, grown for profit and to protect soil, can also increase fire risk when they are stressed by drier conditions.

So how can modern Mediterranean landscapes, with their ever-higher fuel loads, reduce the adverse effects of fires?

Unfuelling the fire

that take into account the various social, economic and ecological factors of fire offer possible solutions for both rural and urban landscapes.

– involving the sophisticated use of firefighting vehicles to suppress fires soon after they start – is the most common form of fire management in Mediterranean ecosystems.

Suppression is an important way of keeping people and homes safe, but its success has a negative flipside: it , increasing the risk of future adverse fires over large swathes of territory.

To manage this vegetation and leaf litter, , which reduces or breaks up the connectivity of this fuel, is becoming more common in southern Europe.

This option will be more effective in than . Fires are not only controlled by fuels but also by interactions with climate, topography and local conditions.

For example, recent work suggests that prescribed burning is more likely to reduce unplanned fires , perhaps because of the greater influence in Portugal of "bottom-up" drivers (such as fuel) than "top-down" drivers (climate, for instance, and weather).

Fuel management is particularly effective when it is and in critical urban and rural areas near homes and other assets.

In rural areas specifically, linking fuel reduction efforts with forestry and agricultural practices that benefit local economies – promoting what's called the – provides opportunities for more effective management.

Among other examples, sustainable forestry practices can be used , which impedes the transmission of fire between adjacent trees. Such harvesting can also benefit local economies by creating jobs in forestry and energy production.

Grazing is another good way to reduce fuel loads in rural areas. is now integrating this traditional method into its fire management practices, and it is currently being piloted in , Spain.

Agriculture, too, can reduce the connectivity of forest fuels and reduce wildfire risk. The development of certain new crops, , could act as "green firebreaks", though scientists and land managers have only recently begun to explore this option.

Involving local communities

Educating is the necessary flipside of these prevention tactics to keep wildfires from becoming tragedies.

Talking to people about home safety, when to evacuate unsafe areas and when to shelter in place are essential steps that should be taken to minimise hazardous fire outcomes currently being seen across the Mediterranean.

This is best done through a participatory approach that puts local communities at the forefront. That is, stakeholders should be involved through the entire planning process (not just immediately before or after a fire event).

To get widespread social buy-in for fire management strageties, it's key to bring together and from across society, from farmers and wildlife organisations to local business.

One case where this co-responsibility will prove helpful in the Mediterranean basin is in integrating wildfire risk into spatial planning of urban and rural areas. Decisions on where and how to should be based on an informed view of fire risk, wherein all parties understand the reasoning behind those decisions.

The benefits of fire

Fire, of course, is not all bad. Many plants and animals depend on fires for their survival and the right kind of fire .

In Mediterranean ecosystems, some plants need fire to complete their life cycles, and others have adaptations, , that aid recovery after fire.

Animals may also benefit from open areas created by fires. For instance, the , a farmland bird species that has declined across much of Europe, colonises and inhabits recently burnt areas.

But flora and fauna are not adapted to all kinds of fire regimes, so effective depends on deep knowledge of how the temporal and spatial arrangement of fires .

This same understanding of how plants, animals, fires and other processes interact is also key to under a changing climate. Today, data and models of and can be used to and consider how they might influence people.

It is not possible to eliminate fire risk completely. But more holistic strategies that incorporate the particular social, economic and ecological factors present in the various fire-impacted areas of the Mediterranean would go a long way to protect people and sustain ecosystems in the face of rapid climate change.