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The gender gap in and isn't going away. Women remain less likely to enroll in math-heavy fields of study and pursue math-heavy careers. This pattern persists despite major studies finding among girls and boys.

Among U.S. students who score the same on math achievement tests, girls are than boys are. That confidence predicts who goes on to major in math-heavy fields like . The across STEM fields – science, technology, engineering and math. Women in and fields that require the most math skills, such as engineering and physics. finds women are 12 percent less likely to earn math-heavy STEM degrees than men.

have studied gender gaps in STEM for several years, examining on teenagers as they move from high school to and through college. Across our studies, we find a consistent pattern: Girls with strong mathematics ability in high school , but they at significantly lower rates than their otherwise identical male peers.

Here's the good news: These patterns can change. , we found that 12th-grade girls with the highest levels of confidence in their mathematics ability with challenging material are more three times more likely to major in math-heavy STEM fields than girls with the lowest levels of confidence.

Ability beliefs, girls and STEM

Our findings build not only on our own prior work, but also on decades of research finding girls underrate their abilities on and that are culturally considered male.

on U.S. students who were 10th graders in 2002 and were followed through 2012 show that girls than boys do and are more likely to . Girls are increasingly prepared for college-level math, thanks to the fact that they take more , even in .

In one of our case studies on computer science undergraduates at two research universities, we found that women were more likely to take further computer science courses if they . These findings complement those of our , which showed that women with positive math ability beliefs were more likely to choose math-heavy STEM majors.

Girls are excelling at math. Still, boys think they can do better. Among those at the 90th percentile of mathematics ability in 12th grade, than do their female peers.

Progress failures and promising interventions

The push toward equity has not just been slow; it at times seems to go in reverse. Emerging research suggests gender gaps in STEM seem wider in and . Since the personal computing and technology boom, women have been in computer science.

Among U.S. universities, we found the gender gap in math-heavy fields was widespread, but . And, while the majority of community college students are female, after controlling for student and institutional characteristics, the gender gap in natural and engineering sciences at is slightly worse – 12.4 percent more men – than at four-year institutions – 11.7 percent more men than women.

There are signs of promise as and try other interventions, from introductory course redesign to curricular changes aimed at students' . While not directly focused on this issue, organizations may engage in confidence-raising to get girls and women into math-heavy fields like .

As someone who has studied this issue closely, I believe those of us interested in gender equity should make female confidence a priority. This includes both directly building up girls' and women's confidence and educating influential actors in their lives. Socializing messages and support from mentors, teachers, peers and parents may help counter gendered stereotypes and create spaces for girls to build confidence in their ability to succeed in math and science.

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