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It's estimated that more than into Europe every year with false hopes of making it as professional footballers. In the UK alone, there are who have been trafficked to apparently play football, though the true figure is likely to be even higher.

Fraudulent individuals posing as football agents and lure them abroad with false promises of trials at top European football clubs. These young boys leave behind their friends and families and spend large amounts of money on visas, passports and airfares to chase their dreams.

In reality, there is often no club waiting for the player abroad and they are either abandoned on arrival or subjected to – some even end up as victims of .

This is human trafficking, but it isn't the only way . A more "legitimate" way it occurs is when an agent signs a player to a club but controls the player's mobility, and makes money from an exploitative contract. The contracts are binding and difficult to escape from, as they to the agent.

The hunt for talent

The and academics have noted how several EU clubs (often through unscrupulous agents) African minors, to play professionally.

My ongoing Ph.D. research focuses on the trafficking of West African football minors due to their increased vulnerability caused by a lack of employment, and their hopes of achieving financial success through football. The players from the region are themselves in high demand because of their "", according to a sports scientist. But the football landscape offers limited protection against their continued exploitation.

Back described how the increased use of the African and South-American transfer markets had created something of a "modern-day slave trade." This was due to the recruitment strategies used by EU clubs that allowed unscrupulous "agents" to repeatedly exploit footballers, as they have continued to do so—even .

Why it happens

This situation has been allowed to develop as a result of the European Court of Justice's decision in . The case led to new football rules which abolished the payment of transfer fees for EU nationals playing within the EU and moving to another EU team on expiration of their employment contract. The rules changed because the previous regulations were considered to be restrictive on the freedom of movement rights for EU citizens.

For several EU clubs, this change resulted in a loss in income from the transfer fees they would previously receive for out-of-contract players, who were now allowed to move to other EU clubs freely. Clubs then began to view the transfer market as the best means to recoup their investments on players. Especially if they were able to purchase players at a discounted rate and sell them on for profit, before the player's contract expires.

The changed rules contributed to the for players who are still under contract. This increase meant that the EU clubs had two options to achieve long-term profits. They could implement a more advanced youth and grassroots programme to develop talented players to join their first team. Or they could obtain new talent from clubs outside the EU with lesser economic resources than them – .

The (un)equal treatment

Another issue in all of this is the continued exploitation caused by a gap in regulation. When a club is transferring an EU minor, there are added regulatory obligations regarding football education, academic provisions, and living standards. These are imposed on the purchasing team, and are in line with .

These obligations educate the player and create an awareness which prevents their possible exploitation. They also act as a "plan b" which provides an alternative career for the EU minor if unsuccessful as a professional footballer. But FIFA's regulations do not impose similar obligations on clubs when transferring an African or other foreign minor.

This regulatory gap allows clubs and unscrupulous agents to treat African minors with no long-term regard for their well-being or protection from dangerous and .

Closing the gap

Clubs are complicit in football trafficking when they do not , or probe the relationship between a player and an agent.

The UK's sheds light on human trafficking but it is ultimately a lenient piece of regulation—as the Act allows clubs to omit regarding their players as , but remain compliant through a statement. And the Act also doesn't require clubs to take steps , or those who are victims of forced labour.

looks at a more holistic approach to tackling football trafficking. Measures should include aims to improve the standard of African leagues—making players less susceptible to the ploys of unscrupulous agents. And there also needs to be better safeguards for minors outside the EU. Both of these approaches will help football to be used as a tool for development of African communities—and will inhibit the frequently employed avenues utilised by unscrupulous agents to exploit vulnerable minors.

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