麻豆淫院

Around a quarter of the world's urban population鈥攐ver 1 billion people 鈥� , the United Nations estimated in 2019. As the world confronts the COVID-19 pandemic, the urban poor living in these dense and overcrowded neighborhoods are at risk of contracting and spreading the coronavirus.

The :

• clean their hands often with water and soap or using alcohol-based hand rub
• maintain at least 1 meter distance from others
• avoid touching eyes, nose and mouths to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

But for communities living in dense areas with limited access to clean water, it's impossible to apply these middle-class preventive measures.

Many of the urban poor working in the informal sector are now also struggling to maintain their livelihoods. Their plight highlights the need to reaffirm that adequate housing, water supply and sanitation are basic .

How COVID-19 affects the poor

Only as and infection rates and their geographical clusters become apparent are we .

Asia is home to of the world's urban population. Countries in the Asia-Pacific region have the . They also have the .

Indonesia, the world's fourth-most-populous country, has the .

There is a concern that a will have significant impacts on disadvantaged urban residents given their already unequal access to health facilities, affordable and adequate housing, and reduced livelihoods.

In Indonesia, many of the urban poor live in crowded informal settlements and slums known as . Here "".

The constrained size of housing and unbuilt space (such as alleyways), a lack of running water (and what water they have is often not to potable standards) and of sanitation contribute to poor environmental hygiene. It's a collective problem that makes widespread application of the WHO preventive measures simply unachievable.

As well, toilets and water are often shared as communal and public resources. That increases community vulnerability to transmission.

How poor urban residents can adapt

The solutions for Indonesia's kampung communities are multifaceted. They require new levels of collaboration.

Vulnerable kampungs must leverage their "community spirit" and social networks, governance arrangements and under-recognized adaptive capacity.

The best way to develop adaptive preventive measures is for kampung governance units鈥攏amely, 鈥� to work with the local government. They should also involve influential community leaders, such as local mosque imams.

Strategically placing low-cost public water containers with soap holders throughout kampungs and community awareness programs are good examples of locally adapted measures by resilient and innovative communities.

"No one will be left behind'

Central tenets of the , as adopted by 193 United Nations member states in 2015, was to ensure "" and "".

These pledges were to direct governments and communities to take concerted action to eliminate poverty, urban inequality and discrimination.

The UN's adopted in Quito, Ecuador, confirmed "no one will be left behind" as a primary principle.

A central platform of the NUA was a refocus on placing people, especially the urban disadvantaged, at the center of renewed efforts to manage urbanization. This included and that live in informal settlements and slums.

The erratic spread of COVID-19 across many countries is exposing the depth and complexity of implementing these principles. More glaringly, it reveals how little has been done to assist the most vulnerable who live their lives in informal settlements and slums in the least developed countries.

What can leaders and educators do?

To reduce the impacts of the next inevitable pandemic, leaders at all levels should show the political will to implement new urban development models as promised in the NUA to confront both the scale and plight of the urban disadvantaged and marginalized.

Leaders must show greater commitment to understanding the concept of the "self-organized city"鈥攖he shaping and making of the informal city by myriad initiatives by the urban disadvantaged. If leaders and policymakers could see the city "through their eyes," they would understand the complexity of governance and rules that many kampungs, communities, residents and local leaders have adapted and evolved to meet their basic human needs and livelihoods. Just like the COVID-19 pandemic, these need to be built upon, not ignored or pushed to the bottom of possible preventive measures.

Academics and educators also have a pivotal role to play in challenging student curriculum, government and wider society mainstream concepts of informal settlements and slums.

For a long time, many informal settlements and slums have been seen as "parasites of the city," with policymakers wanting the "informal" to be "formalized." They do this by imposing "their" middle-class norms of how the urban disadvantaged should live their lives. This includes moving to high-rise settings, breaking up street-based social networks, and requiring new household monetary arrangements such as paying monthly rent, water and electricity bills.

This narrow view of realigning the city's "misfits" is akin to sterilizing communities whose physical structures, social norms and visual aesthetics and geometry do not conform with modernist and formal views of what the city should be and look like.

One key part of challenging "business as usual" is to change policy settings. This can be done through both teaching and research, using students and other city stakeholders to understand the rules, order and governance behind the "" in kampungs.

Otherwise, the preoccupation with design, materiality and aesthetics鈥攕een as paramount to create the modern global city "as it should be"鈥攚ill continue to be disconnected from the needs of all city stakeholders, especially the growing cohort of urban disadvantaged.

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