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Challenges in the development of electrocatalysts

Regenerative energy harvesting often generates more electricity than is directly needed. Electrochemical processes could be used to store the excess energy or make it usable. Although intensive research on the catalysts required for this has been going on for 20 years, progress is only being made in small steps. What would have to change in research to develop efficient, stable and selective catalysts for industrial application is described by Dr. Justus Masa of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Professor Corina Andronescu of the University of Duisburg-Essen and Professor Wolfgang Schuhmann of Ruhr-Universität Bochum in a review article. It was published online in the journal Angewandte Chemie on 30 June 2020.

Chemical reactions for energy conversion

Three chemical reactions would be particularly suitable for energy conversion: the electrolysis of water to hydrogen and oxygen, which can later be used to generate electrical energy in fuel cells; the conversion of nitrogen into ammonia, an important starting material for the chemical industry; and the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ into other starting materials for industry, such as ethylene.

Activity, selectivity and stability of catalysts

In their review article, the authors describe that research on new catalysts must always keep three factors in mind: activity, selectivity and stability. Activity describes how powerful a catalyst is at a given energy input. Selectivity is defined as the ability to produce the desired substance without contaminating by-products. The stability indicates how efficient a catalyst is in the long run.

"Many publications claim high activity, stability and selectivity of electrocatalysts for important energy conversion reactions, but there is a lack of evidence," says Wolfgang Schuhmann, head of the Center for Electrochemistry and member of the Ruhr Explores Solvation Cluster of Excellence, Resolv.

Gap between basic research and application

Masa, Andronescu and Schuhmann criticize, among other things, that often not enough importance is attached to the stability of catalysts. "The underestimation of catalyst stability is largely responsible for the huge gap between seemingly exciting breakthroughs in the design of active catalysts and the practical implementation of such catalysts in technical applications," they write.

The team identifies five factors that hinder the step from research to practice:

• The performance and material properties of catalysts under application-relevant conditions differ from those under laboratory conditions.
• There are no defined guidelines for assessing and comparing the performance of catalysts.
• Unsuitable characterisation methods are often used to determine the performance of electrocatalytic reactions.
• Too little is known about the active centers of the catalysts and their long-term stability. For example, influences of the surrounding solvent molecules and ions on the function are neglected.
• To determine the activity of a catalyst, its actual surface area must be known. Nanoparticle ensembles are often used as catalysts for which conventional methods of surface determination are not suitable.

In their article, Justus Masa, Corina Andronescu and Wolfgang Schuhmann use experimental results to demonstrate how important it is to always think about the stability of catalysts in an integrated way with their activity. They propose various methods for reliably measuring the activity and refer to nanoelectrochemistry. If nanoparticle ensembles are used as catalysts, individual nanoparticles should be characterized, not particle ensembles, as otherwise interference will occur. Finally, the authors call for a paradigm shift in catalyst design. They list promising approaches that could produce the desired products in a highly selective way.