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On Sept. 14, 2020, a new planet was added to the list of potentially habitable worlds in the Solar System: Venus.

hydrogen atoms (±Ê±á₃), but otherwise difficult to make on rocky planets, This raises the tantalizing possibility that something is alive on our planetary neighbor. With this discovery, Venus joins the exalted ranks of Mars and the icy moons Enceladus and Europa among planetary bodies where life may once have existed, or perhaps might even still do so today.

I'm a planetary scientist and something of a . This discovery is one of the most exciting made about Venus in a very long time—and opens up a new set of possibilities for further exploration in search of life in the Solar System.

Atmospheric mysteries

First, it's critical to point out that this detection does not mean that astronomers have found alien life in the clouds of Venus. Far from it, in fact.

Although the discovery team identified phosphine at Venus , helping to confirm the initial detection, phosphine gas can result from several processes that are unrelated to life, such as lightning, meteor impacts or even volcanic activity.

However, the quantity of phosphine detected in the Venusian clouds seems to be far greater than those processes are capable of generating, allowing the team to numerous inorganic possibilities. But our understanding of the chemistry of Venus' atmosphere is sorely lacking: Only a handful of missions have plunged through the inhospitable, to take samples among the global layer of .

So we planetary scientists are faced with two possibilities: Either there is some sort of life in the Venus clouds, generating phosphine, or there is unexplained and unexpected chemistry taking place there. How do we find out which it is?

First and foremost, we need more information about the abundance of PH₃ in the Venus atmosphere, and we can learn something about this from Earth. Just as the discovery team did, existing telescopes capable of detecting phosphine around Venus can be used for follow-up observations, to both definitively confirm the initial finding and figure out if the amount of PH₃ in the atmosphere changes with time. In parallel, there is now a huge opportunity to carry out lab work to better understand the types of chemical reactions that might be possible on Venus—for which we have at present.

Once more unto the breach

But measurements on and from Earth can take us only so far. To really get to the heart of this mystery, we need to go back to Venus. Spacecraft equipped with spectrometers that can detect phosphine from orbit could be dispatched to the second planet with the express purpose of characterizing where, and how much, of this gas is there. Because spacecraft , we could obtain continuous observations with a dedicated orbiter over a much longer period than with telescopes on Earth.

But even orbital data can't tell us the whole story. To fully get a handle on what's happening at Venus, we have to actually get into the atmosphere. . Capable of operating above much of the acidic cloud layer—where the temperature and pressure are almost Earthlike—for potentially months at a time, balloons or could take detailed atmospheric composition measurements there. These craft could even carry the kinds of instruments . At that point, humanity might finally be able to definitively tell if we share our Solar System with Venusian life.

A new dawn for Venus exploration?

Thirty-one years have elapsed since the United States last sent a dedicated mission to Venus. That could soon change as NASA considers two of four missions in the late 2020s targeting Venus. One, called , would carry a powerful radar to peer through the thick clouds and return unprecedented high-resolution images of the surface. The other, , would plunge through the atmosphere, sampling the air as it descended, perhaps even able to sniff any phosphine present. NASA plans to pick at least one mission in April 2021.

I have argued before for a return to Venus, and will continue to do so. Even without this latest scientific discovery, Venus is a compelling exploration target, with tantalizing evidence that the planet and perhaps even suffered a hellish fate at the hands of .

But with the detection of a in Venus' atmosphere, we now have yet another major reason to return to the world ancient Greek astronomers called Phosphorus—a name for Venus that, it turns out, is wonderfully prescient.

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