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More than a quarter of a million people in 2011—half of them children younger than five. The situation in Somalia in the coming months , despite to never let the 2011 famine happen again.

The more than 300,000 people in Somalia will be in famine by December.

Somalia is home to and has a rich history reaching back to before the Roman Empire. Somali people were in the third millennium BC, and establishing in Mogadishu from the 7th and 13th Centuries onwards.

More recently, however, the people of Somalia have endured wars, , flash flooding, pandemics and, now, . Today, crisis on top of crisis means are in need of humanitarian assistance— than just three months ago.

Despite historic levels of drought and hunger, society continues to find ways to support people at risk of starvation. But additional help is needed. To date, the international community has . In 2022, the risk of famine should not exist.

Defining 'famine'

There is a well established and globally recognized of categorizing how close to famine people are. "Famine" is the worst of five levels.

in a "famine", there must be hard evidence of very high levels of child malnutrition (over 30%), very high levels of death (for every 10,000 people, more than two people dying every day), and extreme levels of hunger (more than one in five households going without food).

In 2022, no-one should suffer from a lack of food, let alone extreme starvation: . And in 2011, humanitarian aid agencies and civil society organizations launched the at the UN in New York, clearly outlining five steps to take to avoid famine.

Since then, it has been endorsed by , , and dozens of humanitarian organizations.

So why is this happening again?

The past in Somalia have failed to materialize and the fifth is very likely to underperform as well.

Crops to their full potential, if at all in some areas. The camel, goat and cattle herds of Somali pastoralists to eat nor enough accessible water to drink—already, have perished in the current drought.

Climate change underpins this continued lack of rainfall. Somalia is ranked (after Niger) to the adverse impacts of climate change, which Somalia to experience more drought, affecting more land area, with fewer regular rainy seasons.

The extreme difficulties of prolonged drought are hard for anyone to cope with, especially if there is little to no safety net to catch people during hard times. Indeed, food prices than during the 2011 famine.

Somalia does have a nascent social safety net called . It aims to build a bridge beyond the humanitarian approach, addressing immediate food security and nutrition issues, while also laying the foundations for a stronger workforce. But it is still at the pilot stage.

": south-central Somalia, the self-declared independent region of Somaliland, and the autonomous state of Puntland in the north. The various governments are not able to reach some parts of the country or provide adequate safety nets for Somalis experiencing the harsh challenges of a changing climate."

That said, some lessons have been learned by Somali governments from previous disasters. In 2021, the was established, along with the in Puntland, which predicts upcoming droughts and climate extremes.

This center and warned Somalis and the world of the seriousness of the predicted drought back in early 2020. They have continued to as the situation deteriorated.

These warnings fell on largely deaf ears until only very recently. The coordinated plan to respond to the Somali crisis had received in March, but needs US$1.5 billion to be properly implemented.

While the international community's efforts have ramped up in recent months, the plan to provide life-saving support .

What needs to change?

Between October and December, the drought is expected to force 6.7 million people across Somalia into , a technical term meaning people are close to starving.

International assistance needed to be provided at scale when the first warnings were shared. This was .

This includes supporting preventative and , such as and . Such initiatives will enable Somalis to help others prepare for difficult times and get through the worst impacts of the changing climate.

And, perhaps most importantly, wealthy countries should compensate Somalis for the catastrophic impacts climate change is having on their lives.

This compensation—known as "loss and damage financing" in UN circles— at the upcoming international climate change summit , held in Egypt in November.

refers to climate change harms that can't be prevented, mitigated, or sometimes even prepared for. Think rising sea levels destroying entire ways of life, or disasters that are happening so often, so severely, that even insurance companies refuse to insure people against them.

Somalis produce of greenhouse gas emissions compared to the high-income countries of the world. Yet, they are experiencing some of the worst impacts of climate change, as the current drought and hunger crisis so clearly demonstrates.

COP27 should lead to Somalis, and the many millions more around the world hit hard by climate change, being financially compensated by the countries and corporations most responsible for changing the climate.

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