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On Feb. 15, 2023, a judge informed —a white 19-year-old who killed 10 Black people at a Buffalo Tops market in 2022—that "You will never see the light of day as a free man ever again."

The week before, —a white 24-year-old who gunned down 23 people at an El Paso Walmart in 2019—received 90 consecutive life sentences.

The remains high in the United States—especially the danger posed by white power extremists, many of whom believe white people are being "replaced" by people of color.

I of political violence and extremism and wrote about these beliefs in a 2021 book, ." I think it's important to understand the lessons that can be learned from events like the Buffalo and El Paso mass shootings.

After decades of research on numerous attacks that have left scores dead, we have learned that extremists are almost always part of a pack, not lone wolves. But the shooter remains tenacious, reappearing in media coverage after almost every mass shooting or act of far-right extremist violence. Because this myth misdirects people from the actual causes of extremist violence, it impedes society's ability to prevent attacks.

The lone wolf extremist myth is dangerous

FBI Director Christopher Wray said in August 2022 comes from far-right extremist —who, he explained, work alone, instead of "."

Wray is wrong, and the myth of the lone wolf extremist—the mistaken idea that violent extremists largely act alone—continues to directly inform , and the .

I think that Wray's focus on extremism is much needed and long overdue. However, his line of thinking is dangerous and misleading. By focusing on individuals or small groups, it overlooks broader networks and long-term dangers and so can impede efforts to combat far-right extremist violence—which Wray has singled out as the country's most lethal domestic threat.

Not a new trend

Far-right extremists may physically carry out an attack alone or as part of a small group of people, but they are almost always networked and .

This was true long before the social media age. He is often depicted as the archetypal lone wolf madman who blew up the Oklahoma City Federal Building in 1995.

In fact, McVeigh was . He had accomplices and was connected across the far-right extremist landscape.

The same is and , who were also characterized in media coverage as lone wolves.

"He talked about how he didn't like school because he didn't have friends. He would say he was lonely," said shortly after Gendron carried out the mass shooting.

Both on social media platforms and posted manifestos before their attacks. Gendron's manifesto discusses how he was radicalized on the dark web and inspired to attack after watching videos of of 51 people at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Almost a quarter of is directly taken from Tarrant's, which was titled "The Great Replacement." This , centered around perceived , was also a motive for . His manifesto pays homage to Tarrant, before explaining his attack was "a response to the Hispanic invasion of Texas."

The lone wolf myth also suggests that extremists are abnormal deviants with anti-social personalities.

After Gendron's rampage, for example, New York Attorney General Letitia James called him a "." Crusius, in turn, was described by the White House and news articles as "," "" and an "."

The vast majority of far-right extremists are, in fact, otherwise . They live in rural areas, suburbs and cities. They are students and working professionals. And they believe their extremist cause is justified. This point was illustrated by the in the Jan. 6, 2021, Capitol insurrection.

Tracing the lone wolf mythology

How did the lone-wolf metaphor come to misinform the public's view of extremists, and why is it so tenacious?

Part of the answer is linked to white supremacist , who wrote the essay "Leaderless Resistance" in 1983. In it, he called for far-right extremists to act individually or in small groups that couldn't be traced up a chain of command. According to his lawyer, McVeigh was one of those influenced by Beam's call.

After Beam formulated this idea, both far-right extremists and law enforcement increasingly used the lone wolf term. In 1998, the FBI even mounted an "" to investigate a West Coast white supremacist cell.

The 9/11 terrorist attacks further turned U.S. attention to Islamic militant "lone wolves." A decade later, .

And so it was not a surprise when, after the Buffalo shooting, New York State Senator James Sanders said, "Although this is probably a lone-wolf incident, this is not the first mass shooting we have seen, and sadly it will not be the last."

The tenacity of the lone wolf myth has several sources. It's convenient—evocative and powerful enough to draw and keep people's attention.

By using this term, which individualizes extremism, law enforcement officials may also depoliticize their work. Instead of focusing on movements like white nationalism that have sympathizers in the various levels of government, , they focus on individuals.

The lone wolf extremist myth diverts from what should be the focus of deterrence efforts: understanding how far-right extremists network, organize and, as the Jan. 6 insurrection showed, build coalitions across diverse groups, especially through the .

Such understanding provides a basis for developing long-term strategies to prevent extremists like Gendron and Crusius from carrying out more violent attacks.

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