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Year-end debates about 2024 budgets have already begun across Canada, with cities proposing spikes in police budgets.

Despite , the budgets of Canadian police departments have continued to rise. In fact, when it comes to public safety budgets in Canada, the last five years have seen increasing investments in policing and under-investment in the social services and programs that contribute to safer cities.

The continued over-investment in policing is a limited and contradictory approach to safety. For one thing, police forces don't address the root causes of violence and other harms.

Research has shown the "deterrence effect" of policing , while aggressive policing often impairs the social relations and institutions that .

It should be obvious that preventing violence and other harms is better than punishing perpetrators after the fact. However, as , this requires an investment in a range of non-police services and programs. It means recognizing the inherent limitations of policing and adopting a broader approach to public safety.

Too often, however, city leaders equate safety with policing, and throw public money at an institution that actually creates unsafety for many people while failing to prevent violence and other harms.

Contradictions in policing

Policing is also a contradictory approach to safety.

While promising safety to some, policing is a source of "unsafety" for many communities. This is evident in against Black people, the brutal repression of and especially , the harassment of and the , the killing of people experiencing , the criminalization of and much more.

This is nothing new. Police forces were created specifically to enforce , and police "reforms" like multicultural training and hiring more racialized police officers .

Various studies and reports since 2020 have provided further evidence of anti-Black racism in and , but none of this has stopped city leaders from further investing in the institution that causes these harms.

If we view the police only as a source of safety, we are occupying a particular social position: a position of racial and class privilege.

Policing spending: Before and after 2020

In the spring of 2020, when the police killed in Louisville, Ky., in Minneapolis and in Edmundston, N.B., new attention was brought to the contradictions and limitations of policing.

Historic protests filled the streets in the United States and around the world. .

The rhetoric of defunding the police may have been new, but the core demand was consistent with longstanding critiques of policing and racial injustice. The core demand, as , is to reallocate funding, power, equipment and force "away from agents of state violence and repression, and committing to invest instead in community-centered forms of safety."

However, police budgets have continued to increase by an average of three percent per year, adding to an almost 20 percent increase over five years. Budgets for 2023 saw an especially large increase: an average of six percent, with increases of more than eight percent in Montréal, Vancouver and Peel Region.

Therefore, the 2020 protests had little impact on police budgets in Canada. In fact, police spending actually increased at a greater rate in the three years after 2020 than in the three years before it. In some cities, the change was especially significant. Montréal's budget, for example, increased by 19 percent after 2020.

As always, police spending is determined not just by what cities decide to provide, but what police forces themselves decide to spend. Police forces generally adhere to their budgets, but there are exceptions.

Between 2018 and 2022, Ottawa and Vancouver exceeded their budgets by $8.7 million and $12.2 million, respectively. The glaring outlier is the Montréal police, which exceeded its budget by $35.7 million per year and $178.6 million overall.

Choosing safety, not policing

The political message these budget choices sends is clear. Whatever , Black lives do not matter to them in practice.

More broadly, cities have failed to incorporate the key argument that progressives have always made, reinforced in 2020: services and programs other than policing are required to prevent violence and other harms.

There have been some moves in this direction. Both and have introduced crisis response teams that see health workers, rather than police, respond to calls related to mental health. will follow suit next year.

The amount invested in these teams, however, is much less than the new money provided to police.

As the end of 2023 approaches, Canadian urban leaders need to recognize that the safety of their cities means investing in safety, not police.

There is no shortage of guidance for this shift, from Mariame Kaba and Andrea Ritchie's book to the excellent and the .

The broad imperative is to significantly reduce police budgets for 2024, while reallocating funding to some of the many services and programs that give people more safety and police less work to do.

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