First Peoples' names for animals and plants undeniably enrich Australian culture. But to date, few names taken from a language of Australia's First Peoples have been widely applied to birds.

About 2,000 Australian bird species and subspecies occur in Australia and its territories. However, have common names taken directly from First Peoples' languages. These names are variations of just a handful of First Peoples words: galah, gang-gang, budgerigar, currawong, brolga, kookaburra, chowchilla, Kalkadoon and mukarrthippi.

By contrast, promote colonial power, by memorializing (mostly male) foreign explorers, naturalists, administrators or royalty鈥攕ome of whom .

There is growing interest in the use of First Peoples' words, as a global movement to of species gathers pace. But as we and our colleagues explain in , the practice is far more complex, and sometimes contentious, than it might appear.

A bird by many names

In Aoteoroa/New Zealand, many birds are known by their M膩ori names. Kiwis have never been known by any other name, and nor have k膩k膩p艒 or k膩k膩.

It seems natural to assume using Indigenous names for our flora would help recognize First Peoples' rights and knowledge, and in Australian bird conservation.

But we should proceed with both caution and respect.

exist in Australia. This is unlike New Zealand where there is one M膩ori language (though many dialects).

Most Australian birds occur on Country of more than one First Peoples' group, and each group is likely to have at least one name for each species.

The galah is a good example. For the first 100 years after Europeans arrived, naturalists most commonly used the name .

Gradually, however, the name used by the Yuwaarlaraay of north-western New South Wales鈥攇ilaa鈥攖ook hold. In 1926, the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, now BirdLife Australia, adopted a variant of this, galah, as the official Australian name for the species.

Since then, galahs have become deeply embedded into the national psyche. When Home and Away character Alf Stewart calls someone a "" most Australians know he is being uncomplimentary.

Similarly, there could be no mistaking which species when they stated their favorite bird was a "glar."

But in the Kimberley region, the Gooniyandi peoples girlinygirliny. In the NSW Riverina, the Wemba-Wemba name is wilek-wilek.

Likewise, the white-throated grasswren is yirlinkirrkkirr or yirrindjirrin in the Kunwinjku dialect. It's also known as djirnidjirnirrinjken in the Kune dialect, from the Bininj Kunwok language group. The Jawoyn name for the same species is nyirrnyirr.

The situation is even more complicated for .

These multiple words for a species mean governments and other organizations could be seen as favoring one group over another if they recognize a particular First Peoples' name.

So sometimes it's best to keep the English name, even though First Peoples' names exist. This was the case with the endangered golden-shouldered parrot, known by Queensland's Olkola people as .

The bird is highly significant in the Olkola creation story. However, a team working on the species' recovery, chaired by an Olkola representative, decided to stick with the English name because neighboring language groups refer to the bird by other names.

Sadly, the parrots themselves no longer occur on the Country of some First Peoples, and only the name of the bird remains.

Protecting the secret and sacred

The words First Peoples use to describe species may have special .

First Peoples' names for birds, and other species, are often with people, kin and with Country. For example, the name may describe:

• a connection between a person and a species
• a group of people's relationship with each other which is related to a shared ancestor
• relationships between people and a sacred site or Dreaming track.

Sometimes the names have sacred or secret meanings鈥攁nd these can change with the place or with the speaker.

For these reasons, First Peoples may not want names from their language to be publicly available or used in official documents without their consent.

Permission is key

There are cases where English names should and can be replaced by a First Peoples' name.

For example, in 2020 the bird now known as the mukarrthippi grasswren was recognized as a separate subspecies and needed its own common name. Australia's rarest bird, it is known from just a few sand dunes on Country of the Ngiyampaa people in western New South Wales.

Ngiyampaa elders together settled on the name mukarrthippi. It is a combination of Ngiyampaa words鈥攎ukarr or spinifex (the spiny grass in which the grasswrens live) and thippi which means little bird.

Across Australia, 14 other bird subspecies have only ever been known from Country of a . This means conversations with elders could be had about ascribing a First Peoples' name to these birds.

In other cases, language users from multiple First Peoples groups could decide together on a name.

Where First Peoples offer alternative names for animal and plant species, governments should embrace the change. But no new First Peoples' names should be adopted for species without explicit permission of the speakers of the language.

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