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The gentle, slow-moving has no natural predators.

And yet, these charismatic mammals face numerous threats.

Manatees are in busy waterways across the state, and a from these collisions.

—characterized by the rapid growth of algae that degrades water quality—.

With , or fat, compared with other marine mammals like whales, dolphins, seals and sea lions, manatees are vulnerable to during winter months.

And they can marine debris like derelict fishing gear and drown or be crushed by .

I am a in marine biology at Florida International University's . Over the past 15 years, I have gained extensive experience working with marine mammals, particularly manatees.

Recently, my colleagues at the , and I documented a of manatees. We found that manatees are eating less seagrass—traditionally their primary food source—and more algae than in decades past. This change occurred along Florida's Atlantic coast during a period of .

We believe this represents an to the species' survival.

Protected species

Manatees were listed as an under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. By the early 1990s, the manatee population in Florida had dwindled to less than 1,300.

Researchers believe that federal protection, along with additional state measures such as and , has contributed to the in Florida.

In 2017, from endangered to threatened. Surveyors counted during a statewide aerial survey conducted in 2019.

Florida manatees average 9-12 feet (2.7-3.7 meters) in length and typically weigh about 1,000 pounds (450 kilograms), but they can grow as large as 3,500 pounds (1,600 kilograms). As the largest fully aquatic herbivore, they consume 5% to 10% of their body weight in vegetation each day.

While manatees of over 60 different plants, they most commonly feed on . Seagrasses are marine plants that, like land plants, have leaves, flowers, roots and seeds, and make their food through photosynthesis.

So what happens when these seagrasses are no longer available?

A changing estuary

The is an estuary along Florida's east coast that covers roughly 350 square miles (560 square kilometers) between the mainland and barrier islands, from Ponce Inlet to Jupiter Inlet.

It is a critical habitat for manatees, which feed on in the lagoon during their .

Seagrasses are of marine ecosystems. They are a juvenile fish and other marine organisms, provide food for aquatic herbivores, reduce carbon in the atmosphere and improve water quality. They also protect coastal habitats by stabilizing sediments and reducing wave energy that can erode shorelines and damage coastal infrastructure, especially during hurricanes.

For more than a decade, the Indian River Lagoon has experienced extensive loss of seagrass meadows, due to a associated with and from leaching into the environment.

When untreated sewage and fertilizers flow into the estuary, they add nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients that drive excessive algal growth. These harmful algal blooms deplete oxygen levels and , which seagrass needs for photosynthesis.

Between 2011 and 2019, over was lost. This led to an and even led to a change in the animal communities that live in the lagoon. For example, , sheepshead populations declined, while seabream numbers increased. , with colonizing areas previously dominated by .

Manatees along the Atlantic coast have suffered since the seagrass decline, including one that is ongoing. Researchers attribute the increase in manatee deaths to in the Indian River Lagoon.

A shift in manatees' diet

In our study, we examined 193 manatee stomach samples collected from carcasses recovered from the Indian River Lagoon during two time periods—one before and one after the onset of the seagrass loss in 2011.

We compared stomach sample contents from carcasses collected between 1977 and 1989 with samples collected between 2013 and 2015.

Our findings indicate that manatees consumed after the seagrass decline.

Recently, in a study supported by FIU's , I investigated differences in the nutritional composition—like protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber—of items identified in manatee stomach samples. My preliminary results show notable differences in the nutritional composition of seagrass and algae.

Marine mammals are particularly vulnerable to dietary shifts due to their large size and high energy demands. Such changes and .

Depleted oxygen levels are having a similar impact on aquatic vegetation and seagrass meadows in other regions of Florida, like and the . This suggests that the ecological challenges seen in the Indian River Lagoon could become more widespread.

What is the solution?

Remediation efforts within the lagoon have incorporated the through aquaculture and replanting strategies, similar to efforts .

While the lagoon's seagrass has recently , the rehabilitation of the ecosystem must begin with improving and maintaining water quality.

Counties along the lagoon have that aim to reduce the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water that .

New research, however, indicates that these will not fix the problem, as are the primary source of nutrient pollution in the lagoon.

Furthermore, many of the factors contributing to harmful algal blooms are , which could accelerate the decline of seagrass in Florida and elsewhere.

Given the multiple, synergistic threats facing manatees, I believe that improving water quality, protecting their food sources, and further research—coupled with community outreach and education—are critical to ensure the long-term survival of this iconic Florida species.

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