Property developers installing as few as half of promised ecological features鈥攏ew report
The UK is currently one of the world's most . of the nature crisis. This means that the planning system, which regulates development in the UK, plays a crucial role in protecting nature from harm.
On paper, things look positive. Over the past 20 years, a growing list of international, national and local laws and policies have been passed to ensure that the planning system . In spring 2024, England's new came into effect, requiring all new residential developments to achieve and maintain a 10% increase in biodiversity, secured for 30 years.
In practice, this means that when developers seek planning permission to build new housing, they have to conduct ecological surveys of their proposed site. The local planning authority reads these reports and lists a set of planning conditions, which are binding: in theory, the developer must adhere to them. This includes providing habitat for wildlife on the land used for development, minimizing the harms to nature associated with the change of land use, from farmland to urban areas, for example.
However, in the summer of 2024, we audited 42 new developments across five local planning authorities in England to see whether developers were complying with these ecological conditions on the ground. We found just 53% of the ecological features that should have been there . When we excluded street trees, this fell to 34%.
Our report, which has not yet been peer reviewed, was commissioned and published by . This not-for-profit environmental campaigning organization was co-founded by broadcaster Chris Packham, author and conservationist Mark Avery and Ruth Tingay, a columnist who campaigns against raptor persecution鈥攖heir work is funded by public donations. We wrote the report together with Sarah Postlethwaite, a senior planning ecologist who works for a local authority.
To research every site, we downloaded relevant documents from each council's planning portal, including landscaping maps. We visited every street and public open space within each development and measured whether the planning conditions had been met on the ground. We walked over 291 hectares of land, surveyed nearly 6,000 houses and searched for 4,654 trees and 868 bird boxes.
More than half (59%) of wildflower grasslands were sown incorrectly or damaged, and 48% of hedges were missing, along with 82% of specialist woodland edge grassland.
Statistics were even worse for species-specific mitigations: 83% of hedgehog highways were absent, along with 75% of bird and bat boxes. Some swift and bat boxes had even been installed upside down, making them useless to their intended occupants.
This pattern was surprisingly similar across the country, for all sorts of property developers, sizes of development and location. Given that we looked at many local, regional and national housebuilders, this strongly suggests a systemic issue across the planning and development system.
Lack of enforcement
So why is this happening? One simple reason is a lack of effective regulation. Planning consents are supposed to be enforced by specialist teams in local planning authorities.
Ideally, they would visit every new development and do similar checks, but enforcement budgets have been , leaving them unable to deal with anything but the most serious breaches. Assessing the presence of ecological features also requires a specialist skillset that most people working in planning enforcement do not have. Alongside a resources problem, there is a skills and knowledge gap that needs to be filled.
But there's also something more worrying going on. The planning system is focused on the processing of applications, paying little attention to the "concrete" outcomes of the system, in both senses of that word.
A great deal of the private sector consultancy that surrounds ecological mitigations (that includes the work of ecologists, landscape architects and private sector planners) is about producing documents that are prospective and virtual.
Hardly any effort is spent checking up on whether any of this activity equates to outcomes on the ground that genuinely help the natural world. With nobody checking whether conditions are met in practice, developers can simply break ecological planning conditions, and get away with it without consequences.
How to avoid irreparable harm
The situation urgently requires action because the government . Their assumption is that the ecological harms associated with this level of urbanization will be mitigated by existing ecological policy and protections. Our work shows that these systems are simply not working in practice on development sites around the country. If nothing changes, what looks like a biodiversity net gain on paper could become a loss.
The government has sought to downplay the severity of this situation, presenting housing as a battleground between environmental and social goals, between newts on the one hand and desperate victims of the But, presenting this as a direct conflict is a deeply unhelpful and old-fashioned framing. In reality, human and ecological well-being are irrevocably intertwined and biodiversity loss has so many hidden social costs. The key is to find affordable and effective solutions to both dimensions.
Habitat degradation is now predicted to lead to a of between 6% and 12% by the 2030s, a financial impact that could end up being greater than the financial crisis or COVID-19. Research suggests that delivering 300,000 homes a year would blow the entire .
Other, far less environmentally harmful measures can provide a more meaningful solution to housing provision: on sites with low ecological value, and controlling the use of housing as to reduce the number of second homes would be a start.
Effective regulation is desperately needed. With the development industry making from the construction of housing, there is no excuse for failing both nature and people in this way.
Provided by The Conversation
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