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Protecting and restoring peatlands and mangroves can strengthen Southeast Asian countries' efforts to combat climate change, according to from an international team of researchers.

Carbon-dense peatlands and mangroves comprise only 5% of Southeast Asia's surface. Protecting and restoring them, however, can reduce approximately 770±97 megatons of CO₂ equivalent (MtCO₂e) annually. This is equal to more than half of the carbon emissions from land use in the region.

Conserving offers larger mitigation potential through reduced emissions from ecosystem loss in the region compared to gains from restoration. If optimally implemented, restoration can still play an important role in nature-based carbon sequestration.

Having peatlands and mangroves included in the new climate pledges () can help countries set higher emissions reduction targets for 2030 and 2035.

More benefits to offer

The study reports extensive climate benefits from conserving and restoring peatlands and mangroves. Therefore, they make effective natural climate solutions for Southeast Asian countries.

Both ecosystems protect organic matter from decay under natural conditions, acting as net carbon sinks. This means that carbon uptake exceeds carbon loss.

Net carbon gains are mainly accumulated in their soils instead of their vegetation. More than 90% of carbon stocks in and 78% in are in their soils.

At scale, protecting and restoring both types of wetlands also supports other valuable co-benefits. These include biodiversity preservation, water quality improvement, coastal protection, food security and rural development for millions of coastal people across Southeast Asian countries.

Challenges remain

Despite the benefits, many challenges and risks persist in conserving and restoring peatlands and mangroves.

When peatlands and mangroves are disturbed—commonly due to land use change—they release large quantities of carbon into the atmosphere. This release can later exacerbate climate change.

The suggest that changes in their land use for the past two decades (2001–2022) had caused the release of approximately 691±97 MtCO₂e of excess emissions.

Indonesia accounts for the largest portion of the , accounting for 73%. Malaysia (14%), Myanmar (7%), and Vietnam (2%) follow. The other seven Southeast Asian countries generate the remaining 4% of emissions.

In Southeast Asia, mangroves and peatlands are often treated as unproductive land. Still, they have long been subject to agricultural land expansion planning.

Moreover, unclear or multi-land ownership and lack of long-term participatory are for and restoration on the ground.

Despite these challenges, government and corporate interest in developing conservation and restoration-based carbon projects for and is rapidly increasing.

That is why now is a good opportunity to recognize their vital roles—not only for climate change mitigation—but also for people and nature.

Implications for national emissions reduction targets

The addresses a critical gap in climate policy for Southeast Asian by providing annual climate change mitigation potentials from peatlands and mangroves.

Climate mitigation potential for national land-use emissions varies widely between countries.

The suggest that it could reduce national land-use emissions by up to 88% in Malaysia, 64% in Indonesia, and 60% in Brunei. Other countries include Myanmar at 39%, the Philippines at 26%, Cambodia at 18%, Vietnam at 13%, Thailand at 10%, Laos at 9%, Singapore at 2%, and Timor-Leste at 0.04%.

Our also shows that mitigation potential from peatlands and mangroves in Indonesia can fulfill country targets by 2030.

In its , Indonesia plans to reduce its annual emissions from FOLU by 2030 between 500 and 729 MtCO₂e, depending on the level of external support. According to the study, this figure is within the same order of mitigation potential as peatlands and mangroves can collectively generate.

However, peatland and mangrove mitigation potentials are insufficient to avoid dangerous levels of climate change in the future.

Decarbonization remains the most effective means of curbing climate change and its impacts, with peatland and mangrove protection enhancing these efforts.

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