麻豆淫院

In a study in Microbiological Research, scientists from Surrey investigated how different RNS and ROS ratios affect harmful bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using advanced imaging and transcriptional analysis, they identified how these bacteria respond differently depending on the balance of these molecules.

The researchers found that this balance works similarly to dealing with weeds in a garden. RNS is like pulling weeds out by the roots鈥攊t removes them completely, preventing regrowth. But when ROS dominates, it's like just cutting the weeds at the surface; the bacteria may look weaker at first, but they can recover, form protective layers (biofilms), and become even harder to eliminate.

This discovery is important because drug-resistant infections are a growing global health threat, making many antibiotics less effective. Understanding how RNS and ROS interact at a molecular level could help scientists develop new treatments that enhance the body's natural defenses and slow the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

"We used to think both reactive oxygen and nitrogen hurt bacteria in the same way, but our research found it's more complicated. While nitrogen-heavy environments kill bacteria, an oxygen-rich environment can actually make bacteria stronger and harder to kill, especially by helping them form protective layers that resist antibiotics," says Dr. Jorge Gutierrez.

Using a unique plasma device called ReCAP, designed by industrial manufacturer Fourth State, the research team exposed bacterial cultures to controlled mixtures of RNS and ROS. They grew the bacteria on liquid and solid media (a gel-like surface). Then, they used advanced imaging techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, to capture detailed changes in the bacteria's membranes.

In addition, they performed transcriptional analysis (a technique that reveals which genes are active or inactive in response to different conditions) to monitor how key genes responded to the different RNS/ROS ratios. This combined approach allowed the researchers to directly link specific molecular changes to the bacteria's survival strategies and provided clear evidence of how the balance between RNS and ROS dictates bacterial outcomes.

"The research highlights how treatments that boost reactive nitrogen species might be good for fighting antibiotic-resistant bacteria, while treatments that mainly boost reactive oxygen species could make things worse. More research needs to be done to fully understand the relation between RONS and bacterial responses, which could lead to more effective antibacterial strategies in the future," says Gutierrez.