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Almost 200 nations have signed an ambitious agreement to halt and reverse biodiversity loss but none is on track to meet the crucial goal, our new research reveals.

The agreement, known formally as the , seeks to coordinate global efforts to . Its overarching goal is to safeguard biodiversity for future generations.

Biodiversity refers to the richness and variety within and between plant and animal species, and within ecosystems. This diversity is declining faster than at any time in human history.

Five years remain until the framework's 2030 deadline. Our research shows a more intense global effort is needed to achieve the goals of the agreement and stem the biodiversity crisis.

Biodiversity is in decline

Biodiversity decline is a growing global issue. are threatened with extinction.

The problem is land clearing, climate change, pollution, excessive resource extraction and the introduction of invasive species.

As biodiversity continues to degrade, the foundation of life on Earth becomes increasingly unstable. Biodiversity loss threatens our , and . It increases our and imperils ecosystems crucial for human survival and well-being.

The Global Biodiversity Framework was adopted in late 2022 of consultation and negotiation. It involved 23 core commitments to be met by 2030 involving both land and sea. Key to the deal is protecting areas from future harm, and restoring past harms.

These aims are captured in two targets.

The first is ensuring 30% of degraded areas are under "effective restoration" to enhance biodiversity. This could involve replanting vegetation, reducing weeds and other pests, or restoring water to drained areas.

The second is to effectively conserve and manage 30% of land and sea areas —especially those important for biodiversity and the ways ecosystems function and benefit humans. This could mean creating national or marine parks, or nature refuges on private land.

Importantly, countries should both increase the size of areas protected or under restoration (a matter of quantity), and choose areas where interventions will most benefit biodiversity (a matter of quality).

Nations were asked to provide an action plan before October 2024. In a in Nature Ecology & Evolution, we reviewed these plans.

What we found

Our findings were disappointing. Only 36 countries (less than one quarter of signatory nations) submitted a plan. Australia was one of them.

And the plans provided were underwhelming. In particular, nations fell badly short on the restoration target. Only nine out of 36 countries committed to restoring a specific percentage of land and sea.

For example, Italy pledged only to restore "large surfaces of degraded areas" and Australia committed to restoring "priority degraded areas".

Defining commitments with numbers is important, because it allows progress to be monitored and measured, and forces nations to be accountable.

Of those nine countries that made specific restoration commitments, only six committed to the 30% goal: Aruba, China, Curaçao, Japan, Luxembourg and Uganda.

The results were better when it came to protecting land and sea. Some 22 of the 36 countries set a percentage target for protection. However, only 14 committed to protecting at least 30% of areas, in line with the goals of the deal.

Again, quality is also important here. Under the deal nations signed up to, protected land should enhance biodiversity, and cover areas very valuable for biodiversity recovery. However, many nations were silent on the issue of quality when outlining their planned protections. It means their efforts could, in some cases, do little for biodiversity.

A spotlight on Australia

In recent years, Australia has sought to establish itself as a biodiversity leader on the international stage. This included hosting the global Nature Positive Summit in October last year.

Following the summit, the federal government a tangible demonstration of Australia's commitments under the Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. It showed our willingness to work collaboratively towards the goal of halting and reversing biodiversity loss.

But despite the rhetoric, our research shows particularly impressive.

As noted above, Australia does not provide a percentage target for ecosystem restoration. Instead, its plan refers broadly to restoring "priority areas" without defining what these areas are.

Australia's plan pledges to identify "priority degraded areas" and define what "under effective restoration" means, but does not outline how this will be done.

Australia is more aligned with global leaders on protection of biodiversity. It is committed to safeguarding 30% of land and water in protected areas.

However, it provided limited details on how it will select, implement and enforce protection measures. The plan also fails to recognize current shortcomings in protected areas, both in and on —in particular, Australia's focus to date on quantity over quality when it comes to selecting sites.

In contrast, the nation of Slovenia mapped out proposed protected areas.

So, while Australia did submit an action plan, it has missed the opportunity to be a true global leader.

Running out of time

The Global Biodiversity Framework aims to unite nations in the fight to conserve and restore biodiversity. But as our research shows, many countries do not have plans to achieve this, and plans submitted to date are largely inadequate.

As species and habitats are lost, ecosystems become less stable. This damages human health and well-being, as well as economies. Biodiversity loss also undermines vital .

All countries must accelerate efforts to avert the biodiversity crisis, and preserve Earth's precious natural places for future generations.

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