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What's so special about Ukraine's minerals? A geologist explains

Ukraine's minerals have become central to global geopolitics, with the US president, Donald Trump, seeking a deal with Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelensky to access them. But what are these minerals exactly and why are they so sought after?

Ukraine is often recognized for its vast agricultural lands and industrial heritage, but beneath its surface lies one of the world's most remarkable geological formations, the "."

This massive, exposed crystalline rock, formed more than 2.5 billion years ago, stretches across much of Ukraine. It represents one of Earth's oldest and most stable continental blocks. The formation has undergone multiple episodes of mountain building, the formation and movement of magma and other changes throughout time.

These geological processes for forming several mineral deposits, including lithium, graphite, manganese, titanium and rare earth elements. All these are now critical for modern industries and the .

Ukraine has deposits containing 22 of 34 critical minerals identified by the European Union . This positions Ukraine among the world's most resource-rich nations.

International race

As the world races to decarbonize, demand for critical minerals is skyrocketing. Electric vehicles, wind turbines, solar panels and energy storage systems all require lithium, cobalt and rare Earth elements which Ukraine has in abundance.

The has surged from US$1,500 (£1,164) per ton in the 1990s to around $20,000 per ton in recent years. Demand is expected to increase nearly 40-fold by 2040.

According to the International Energy Agency, the number of electric vehicles . Similar growth is expected for other battery metals. Each electric vehicle requires significantly more lithium than conventional electronics. For example, a requires approximately 63kg of high-purity lithium.

Ukraine has three major lithium deposits. These include Shevchenkivske in the Donetsk region as well as Polokhivske and Stankuvatske in the centrally located Kirovograd region—all within the Ukrainian Shield. Despite the significant mineral potential, many of Ukraine's mineral deposits have remained largely unexplored due to the war with Russia, which has disrupted mining operations and damaged infrastructure.

The Shevchenkivske lithium deposit contains high concentrations of spodumene—the primary lithium-bearing mineral used in battery production. Its reserve is estimated as . That said, extracting it requires an estimated before mining can begin.

Meanwhile, the Polokhivske deposit at is approximately 270 thousand tons of lithium is considered one of the best lithium sites in Europe. That's because of its favorable geological conditions, making extraction more economically viable.

But lithium represents just one element of Ukraine's mineral resources. According to the US geological survey, Ukraine as the third-largest producer of the mineral rutile—making up 15.7% of world's total output. It is the sixth-largest producer of iron ore (3.2% of total output) and titanium (5.8%), as well as the seventh-largest producer of manganese ore (3.1%).

Ukraine also has Europe's , crucial for nuclear power and weapons. It boasts significant deposits of rare earth elements, including neodymium and dysprosium, which are needed for manufacturing everything from smartphones to wind turbines and electric motors.

In addition, Ukraine is home to the world's largest proven reserves of manganese ores. There's approximately 2.4 billion tons of it concentrated primarily in the Nikopol Basin on the southern slope of the Ukrainian Shield.

The strategic significance of Ukraine's minerals has gained recognition in international diplomacy. Recent between Ukraine and the US highlight the geopolitical importance of these resources.

A proposed minerals deal would involve Ukraine from state-owned mineral resources, oil and gas and other extractable materials to a reconstruction investment fund for Ukraine's post-war rebuilding. The fund would be jointly managed by Kyiv and Washington.

What about US's own minerals?

The US's interest in Ukrainian minerals reflects a broader over , volatile price movements and .

While the US has many of the same as Ukraine, it has historically outsourced mining and refining due to environmental regulations, high labor costs and more attractive foreign markets.

This has led to a reliance on imports, particularly from China, which dominates critical . Getting access to Ukraine's minerals in exchange for military protection means the US can avoid having to buy these minerals from China.

The US federal strategy in fact states it will prioritize aiming to establish a more stable and resilient supply chain.

The US's critical minerals are distributed across various , including the Appalachian Mountains, the Cordilleran Belt and the Precambrian Shield exposed in parts of the midwest.

While the US has developed substantial lithium resources, particularly in Nevada's Clayton Valley and North Carolina's Kings Mountain, much of its current lithium production comes from "." This is the extraction from salt solutions, such as seawater or saline lakes, which can be more expensive than hard-rock mining.

The global shift toward green energy and electric transportation is accelerating, and minerals are at the heart of this transition. Around 80% of the lithium produced globally is used for . Major automakers are investing billions in electric vehicle production, driving unprecedented demand for the minerals that power this technology.

Ukraine's mineral wealth positions it as a potential leader in the clean energy revolution. Once stability returns, Ukraine will have a golden opportunity to reshape the global supply chain for critical minerals. Even with a 50% allocation to the US, Ukraine would still be able to fund domestic infrastructure, industry growth, jobs and economic recovery.