麻豆淫院

Green hydrogen is set to play an important role in the future energy system: it can be used for storing chemical energy, as a raw material for the chemical industry, and for producing climate鈥慺riendly fuels. Green hydrogen can be generated in a nearly climate鈥憂eutral manner if the energy used for electrolysis鈥攖he process of splitting water into its elements鈥攃omes from solar or wind power. However, special catalysts are needed to speed up the formation of hydrogen and oxygen at the two electrodes.

In particular, the oxygen evolution reaction is sluggish and would require significantly more energy without effective catalysts. Currently, such catalysts are made from precious metals, which are rare and expensive. For green hydrogen to be produced in the required quantities at a reasonable price, catalysts made from readily available elements are needed.

At HZB, a team led by Michelle Browne is developing sophisticated alternatives based on so鈥慶alled MXenes. MXenes are flaky structures made of carbon and so鈥慶alled transition metals. Catalytically active particles can adhere to the inner surfaces of MXenes, thereby enhancing their catalytic effect. A new in the journal Advanced Functional Materials now shows that this idea works.

The study's first author, Can Kaplan, used different variants of a vanadium carbide MXene as the basis for his research. He took the opportunity to conduct research at the laboratory of the Swedish partners at Link枚ping University during his Ph.D., as part of an exchange program during his Ph.D.

"There, we synthesized two MXene variants: pure V₂CT_X and V_1.8CT_x with 10% vanadium vacancies. These vanadium vacancies ensure that the internal surface area of this variant is significantly larger," explains Kaplan.

Embedding CoFe into MXene

In Browne's HZB laboratory, Kaplan developed a multi鈥憇tep chemical process to embed Co_0.66Fe_0.34 catalyst particles into the MXene. Images taken with a scanning electron microscope show that this was successful; the pure MXenes have a pastry鈥憀ike structure, but this changed significantly due to the incorporation of the cobalt鈥慽ron particles.

The team then investigated the effect of the different catalyst samples in use during electrolysis: pure iron鈥慶obalt, and mixed with one of the two MXene variants. The results were very clear: also pure iron鈥慶obalt compound acts as a catalyst. However, when embedded in MXene, the catalytic effect increased significantly. And efficiency is further enhanced when the iron鈥慶obalt compound is embedded in MXene with numerous vacancies.

Using in situ X鈥憆ay absorption spectroscopy at the SOLEIL synchrotron source in France, the team was able to track changes in the oxidation numbers of cobalt and iron during the electrolytic reaction.

Promising path to a new class of catalysts

"We tested these catalysts on both a laboratory scale and in a much larger electrolyzer," emphasizes Kaplan. "This makes our results really meaningful and interesting for industrial applications."

"Currently, the industry has not yet considered MXene as a carrier material for catalytically active particles on the radar," says Browne.

"We are conducting basic research here, but with clear prospects: on applications. Our results have now provided initial insights into the complex interplay between the carrier structure, the embedding of catalytically active particles and catalytic activity."

MXene is a promising candidate for the development of innovative, highly efficient and inexpensive catalysts, Browne concludes.