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Is expelling students for out-of-school behavior a good idea?

When does a school's responsibility for student behavior end? Is it at 3pm when the bell goes? Or does a school still have to respond to harmful behavior after hours?

The Victorian government new powers for government school principals to suspend or expel students for serious misbehavior beyond the school grounds. The powers will begin in July, from the beginning of term 3.

The state government says this will "address concerns around harmful behavior that happens outside school hours […] but affects student and staff safety."

The have a particular focus on online safety and follow similar moves in South Australia and New South Wales.

What does this mean for schools and students?

A blurry line

The line between when "school" starts and finishes is blurry. Anti-social activities and their impacts don't neatly fall at a convenient time or location.

Cyberbullying—using the internet to be mean to a child or young person—has grown and frequently takes place outside of the school grounds and after hours. This now includes .

But the impacts of cyberbullying are very much felt during school hours. Bullying can lead to decreased academic performance—e±¹±ð²Ô . It can also lead to . So schools are deeply involved. They may need to provide additional academic and welfare support for the student, as well as manage any social tensions and flare-ups on campus.

As the eSafety Commission , teachers can also face online abuse from students.

So school leaders need to support both student and staff mental health.

A changing legal climate

But it's not just online actions that blur the lines. In 2024, the NSW Supreme Court ruled in a case of an assault by a .

Although the attack took place outside the school grounds, after the final bell, the court determined the NSW public high school had a duty "beyond the confines of the school boundaries and outside of its operating hours." In part, this was based on previous known violence from one of the perpetrators.

Schools now exist in a dynamic and complex set of ecosystems and the new Victorian powers acknowledge and respond to this reality.

What does it mean for principals?

For some school leaders, there may be relief they can deal with the consequences of the most severe and destructive actions. This could include online harassment or recent incidents such as .

For others, there may be concerns this will add to their .

Research including the I run with colleagues, shows being an Australian school leader takes an ongoing emotional toll. The work often involves dealing with violence and abuse.

Expelling kids should be a very last resort

As a community, we can all agree schools should be places that are safe and free from violence of any kind.

But the removal of any student from a school signals a series of breakdowns. This is why schools have policies and procedures to try and resolve these issues positively before the consequences become more severe. Schools will normally use such as counseling, behavior monitoring and formal cautions before suspension emerges as a possibility. Sadly, these do not always result in changed behavior.

As consequences escalate, so too do their impacts.

Students who begin to disengage from their learning can get caught in a spiral of increasing disengagement, leading to repeat instances of suspension and then expulsion. This can then for some towards incarceration.

So we need to focus on strategies which reduce this pathway.

This includes initiatives that boost students' engagement at school such as those in the (part of the new funding agreement between the federal and state governments). We also need funds to increase counselors and psychologists in schools.

Being able to expel students for out-of-school behavior will help manage some of the symptoms of poor student behavior. But unless the underlying causes are also addressed, expulsion will not resolve the issues—and ultimately transport the problem to another community.