麻豆淫院

In Brazil, researchers from the University of S茫o Paulo (USP), the University of Bras铆lia (UnB), and two startups in the city of Ribeir茫o Preto have found a compound in the propolis of the stingless bee known as manda莽aia (Melipona quadrifasciata) that kills Aedes aegypti larvae.

The results are in the journal Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry.

The work is the result of a project that aimed to find natural larvicides to combat the mosquito that carries viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Currently, this mosquito is controlled using a highly toxic chemical insecticide.

"Bees are known to collect materials in nature to build their colonies, which in some cases can protect against invasive fungi and bacteria. We conducted a series of analyses on geopropolis, which mixes plant resins with soil or clay particles in its composition [traditional propolis contains only resins, wax, and bee secretions]. We observed that the diterpene present in it was responsible for the larvicidal activity," explains Norberto Peporine Lopes, a professor at the Ribeir茫o Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCFRP) at USP.

Lopes is coordinating the project "Inventorying Secondary Metabolism through Metabolomics: Contribution to the Valuation of Brazilian Biodiversity."

The researchers compared the action of traditional propolis produced by European honeybees (Apis mellifera) with that of geopropolis from the manda莽aia tree in Aedes aegypti larvae. The former exhibited very low activity even after 72 hours of exposure. However, in tests with geopropolis, 90% of the larvae died within 24 hours, and 100% within 48 hours.

Analyses performed with computational tools indicated that the most likely larvicidal agent among the compounds present in geopropolis is diterpene. While studying the habits of bees in Bandeirantes, in the state of Paran谩, where geopropolis was collected, it was observed that manda莽aias frequently visit plantations of pine (Pinus elliottii), a species of tree from the Northern Hemisphere that is cultivated in Brazil for timber and resin.

"It was known that the chemical composition of propolis is influenced by the resins collected for nest construction and protection, as well as by the floristic composition of the environment, the biome, and seasonal factors. In this case, it became clear that the pine resin processed by the manda莽aias' saliva is what provides the larvicidal action," says Lu铆s Guilherme Pereira, the first author of the article.

Brazilian bee

Manda莽aias are of particular interest in Brazil because they are easy to cultivate, they have no stingers, and they are native to the country. One idea of the researchers is to evaluate products other than honey produced by these bees.

In the case of propolis, that of the manda莽aia differed from that of the other native bees analyzed in the study and found in the same municipality: the bor谩 (Tetragona clavipes), the mirim (Plebeia droryana), and the jata铆 (Tetragonisca angustula). The propolis of these three native, stingless species had low larvicidal activity.

The researchers explain that the volume of geopropolis produced by manda莽aia bees is very low, making its use as a larvicidal agent impractical. However, it is good news that diterpene is found in pine resin. Since the resin is produced on a large scale for various industrial applications, such as solvents and glues, it could undergo chemical processes similar to those performed by manda莽aias.

"These are modifications that can form molecules with greater activity than the original compound and that can be induced in bioreactors, equipment used in the pharmaceutical industry," says Lopes.

According to Feitosa, the workflow used in the study involving different mass spectrometry techniques can be applied to the search for compounds with a wide variety of purposes. "We're currently searching for natural molecules with anti-tumor activity," says the researcher, who is now pursuing postdoctoral studies at FCFRP-USP.

The Ministry of Health project, which is coordinated by Professor Laila Salmen Espindola from UnB, also led to the discovery of another larvicidal compound present in an essential oil produced on a large scale. This discovery has not yet been published, and the data are with the Ministry.

The researchers even produced a powder and a tablet based on the essential oil, which protects water for up to 24 days. The powder kills the larvae immediately, while the slow-release tablet gradually dissolves to keep the water free of mosquitoes.