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A recent study by Dr. Astrid Noterman examined the rare bed burials of medieval Europe. Found predominantly in Germany, England, and Scandinavia, these burials exhibit considerable variation depending on the region.

The study has been in the European Journal of Archaeology.

However, many of these bed burials have not been examined in detail or collectively, leaving open questions about trends in their location, the status of the interred, and whether bed burials represent a single practice with regional variations or several practices with a few standard components.

Dr. Noterman found that in Germany, bed burials are typically found in cemeteries with no distinguishable features, such as orientation. Burials normally contain a wooden bed frame onto which the deceased was placed; some of the more famous examples are from Oberflacht (Baden-W眉rttemberg), Cologne Cathedral (North Rhine-Westphalia), and Trossingen (Baden-W眉rttemberg).

Both males and females were interred with grave goods which were common in furnished early medieval graves, such as vessels, brooches or belt buckles, although more opulent goods included a lyre, a candelabra, and a double chair.

A number of the female bed burials included weaving equipment, including spindle whorls, a needle, a weaving batten, and a wooden distaff.

In England, bed burials involved in several occasions dismantled or incomplete beds, often found in cemeteries, but were also sometimes discovered in small, old burial mounds. The reuse of such ancient monuments is a well-known phenomenon in England and not unique to bed burials.

Interestingly, the majority of bed burials pertain to females, though one male bed burial is known from Lapwing Hill, Derbyshire.

Meanwhile, in Scandinavia, bed burials are clearly distinct from their German and English counterparts. Typically, these burials represent singular entities rather than forming part of a larger cemetery.

The monumental ship burials at Gokstad and Oseberg are among the examples of Scandinavian bed burials. Such large mounds were typically placed near waterways used for trade and were meant to be seen from great distances. The interred included men and women, usually interred together with lavish grave goods.

Dr. Noterman noted that while adult bed burials showed no particular trend, sub-adult burials were distinct for Germany and England. In Germany, child burials typically included children between the ages of three and seven, while in England, children were typically between the ages of thirteen and eighteen.

Additionally, while bed burials in Germany interred local individuals, in England, however, stable isotope signatures revealed that bed burials from Edix Hill and Trumpington had grown up in continental Europe. Similarly, two women found interred in the Oseberg ship burial had come from the Black Sea region.

These findings suggest that bed burials may have been a local practice in continental Europe, while migrants may have introduced them.

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