麻豆淫院

This week, biologists discovered a new cellular organelle that's like "a new recycling center within the cell." Wild-growing tomatoes in the Gal谩pagos are de-evolving. And geologists at the University of Southampton detected deep Earth pulses beneath Africa. Plus: Brain network functionality differs in people with psychopathic personality; sharks have a surprising vulnerability; and people with the highest measured IQ make better probabilistic predictions than people with the lowest IQ.

Brain networks altered in people with psychopathic traits

Psychopathic personality is characterized by egocentrism, lack of inhibition, and an impairment of empathy and remorse; often, people with psychopathy are superficially charming and resilient to stress and can therefore advance an impression of normalcy. It falls within the DSM spectrum of antisocial personality disorders as it is difficult to measure objectively. An international group of researchers has now reported , which appear to be structurally different in individuals with psychopathic traits compared to typical brain network connectivity.

The researchers compared structural MRI data for 39 male participants with diagnoses of psychopathy to data from control subjects. In the study, they assessed psychopathic traits according to criteria from a widely used diagnostic tool that evaluates two factors: interpersonal-affective traits and lifestyle-antisocial traits.

Higher scores on the second factor were linked to reduced volumes in the basal ganglia, thalamus, basal forebrain, cerebellum and other structures. However, the neurological associations with the first factor, such as lack of empathy, were weaker and less consistent between individuals. But the authors note a strong neurobiological link between antisocial behavior and reduced brain volume.

Sharks don't want you to know this one cool trick

It's a well-known fact among farmers that you can immobilize a chicken by drawing a line on the ground starting at its beak and extending straight forward. The chicken will sit there and stare at it, sometimes for as long as 30 minutes. Now, researchers report another form of animal tonic immobility: Seven species of sharks and rays, out of 13 tested, are immobilized when turned upside down underwater.

The researchers don't believe that the phenomenon is an anti-predation behavior and dispute several other theories to explain it. Instead, they believe that tonic immobility in sharks is an evolutionary relic that was likely present in ancestral species. On a grimmer note, they observe that recent attacks on great white sharks by orcas could be attributed to exploitation of this trait.

IQ and life outcome predictions

Psychologists report that people with high IQ make more realistic predictions of future possibilities, leading to improved life outcomes. The study found that people with a low IQ, the lowest 2.5% of the population, make forecasting errors that are more than twice as inaccurate as those with a high IQ, the top 2.5% of the population.

The researchers derived data from a longitudinal study comprising a nationally representative sample of people over 50 in England. Individuals were asked to predict their probability of living to certain ages; their predictions were compared to statistical life tables. By analyzing participants' scores on cognitive tests, the researchers showed that individuals with higher IQs more accurately forecasted their outcomes; the researchers suggest that explicitly stating probability estimates on health or financial information could help people to make more informed decisions.

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