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When we think about animals, we tend to think of furry four-legged mammals. But are invertebrates—bees, butterflies, beetles, snails, worms, octopuses, starfish, corals, spiders and many many more. These creatures make us happy, pollinate flowers, keep soils healthy, clean water, build reefs, maintain oceans and bring color and wonder to our homes, cities, farms and wild places.

Sadly, almost 1,000 Australian invertebrates are and need protecting. These species are on one or more official lists, including the , Australia's national list of , and state and territory lists. Many more unnamed and unassessed species are likely in trouble.

When a mammal or bird goes extinct in Australia, it's big news. But invertebrates have gone extinct much more frequently—and with much less attention. Since colonization, an estimated have gone extinct—and one or two more go extinct every week.

Invertebrates face : climate change, habitat destruction, natural resource extraction, pollution and invasive species. For the most part, efforts to conserve them are in their infancy in Australia, likely due to the of smaller animals and little critters. There are shining exceptions such as the incredible conservation success of the , but such examples are vanishingly rare.

The good news? Because invertebrates live everywhere, the opportunity to help is often literally on our doorsteps. Simple actions can help, such as planting native species, leaving logs in the garden and avoiding insecticides.

Meet some of the threatened one thousand

Threatened invertebrates live in every Australian state and territory and in our major cities. Of the almost 1,000 threatened species, 27% are snails and slugs, 25% are insects, 19% are corals, 17% are crayfish and 5% are spiders. Here are some you may come across.

• Bogong moth (Agrotis infusa). These moths once filled the night skies in their billions. Now they're listed as because the cool alpine caves they rely on to escape summer heat are warming with climate change. These migratory moths fly across southern Australia, navigating to their mountain refuges each summer using the stars and Earth's magnetic field. Help map their migration .
• Atlas moth (Attacus wardi). This with a 22 cm wingspan is now considered due to habitat destruction and introduced weeds. If you live near Darwin, planting the native will help feed its very hungry caterpillars.
• Mangrove ant-blue butterfly (Acrodipsas illidgei). These butterflies on gray mangrove trees home to acrobat ants (Crematogaster species), which carry the eggs into its nests. When the caterpillars hatch, they eat ant larvae while in turn nourishing the ant colony with sugary secretions. Mangrove destruction, pesticide runoff and threats to their ant partners pose real threats. Protecting mangroves in southeast Queensland and reporting sightings of butterflies and ants on iNaturalist will help.
• Sydney Hawk dragonfly (Austrocordulia leonardi). This strikingly colored dragonfly is largely found . Changes to local waterways and the deep pools its aquatic larvae need threaten the species. Restoring local waterways will help.
• Dural land snails (Pommerhelix duralensis). These snails are found north-western Sydney and the lower Blue Mountains. They cruise through leaves and rocks munching on fungi and helping add compost to forest soils. You might catch a glimpse during light rain. Help them by leaving large patches of undisturbed native undergrowth—habitat loss poses the biggest threat.
• Hairy bee (Leioproctus douglasiellus). This burrowing bee lives . Its numbers have fallen due to habitat loss and pesticides. Leaving patches of open soil in your garden and planting shallow flowers can help these short-tongued bees get nectar.
• Giant Gippsland earthworm (Megascolides australis). This iconic earthworm can grow up to 1.5 metres long. It only lives in a patch of southern Gippsland in Victoria and is in part due to farming practices such as plowing. These gentle giants famously gurgle as they move through their tunnels keeping soil healthy. Local landholders can help by leaving patches of land along stream banks as .
• Tasmanian live-bearing sea stars (Parvulastra vivipara). Most sea stars lay eggs. Not this species, which gives birth to live young. They're because they live in intertidal waters of south-eastern Tasmania affected by shoreline development and invasive species. Look carefully and you might see one as it grazes on algae-covered rocks. Join to tackle invasive species and log any sightings on iNaturalist.

A brighter future for bugs

Invertebrates bring us delight and wonder. Here's how we can help those in trouble.

• Plant flowers. Providing and other wonderful flower-visiting insects can help year-round.
• Keep part of your garden a bit wild. If you leave in your garden, you make space for shiny beetles, singing crickets, native bees and other ground-dwellers.
• The creek is beautiful. Help restore waterways, make a pond, learn about and support local wetlands.
• Be clever with pest control. Avoid snail baits and cancel regular broad-spectrum sprays, as these can harm many non-target species. Use to protect the whole food chain.
• Let the stars shine. Switch off lights at night if safe or close your curtains to help nocturnal creatures such as moths and orb-weaving spiders.
• Log your sightings. Conservation scientists need as much data as possible on invertebrates to understand how they are doing out there. Upload your bug photos to .