June 10, 2025 report
Teen girl from 6,200 years ago with cone-shaped skull unearthed in Iran

Bob Yirka
news contributor

Lisa Lock
scientific editor

Robert Egan
associate editor

A pair of archaeologists working at a dig site in an ancient cemetery in western Iran have discovered the skull of a young girl that shows evidence of cranial modification. In their published in the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Mahdi Alirezazadeh and Hamed Vahdati Nasab describe where the skull was found, its condition, the modifications they observed and the likely way its owner died.
Cranial modification has been found in many ancient civilizations—it was typically done by wrapping the head of a child tightly as they grew to adulthood. The practice was done for different reasons in different cultures, and has been seen more often in girls than in boys.
The skull that is the focus of this new study was found buried in a cemetery along with many other skeletons at a dig site known as Chega Sofla. The cemetery has been found to have many single as well as communal graves, some of which include family members and some of which have cranial modifications. Work at the site has been going on for more than a decade, and in addition to learning about the people buried there, the team also uncovered what turned out to be the oldest-known tomb made from brick.
The researchers focused their efforts on the skull of a young girl dated to approximately 6,200 years ago. They estimated her to have been under the age of 20 when she died, and she had also undergone tight head bandaging from a young age—a practice that had left her head cone-shaped. After taking CT scans of the skull, the researchers were able to see changes to the bone making up the skull—much of it was thinner than normal, putting the girl at higher risk of a head injury.

They were also able to see that it was a head injury that had killed the girl—her skull was fractured from near the front all the way to the back, and there were no signs of healing. The researchers suggest the fracture had been caused by someone wielding a broad-edged object. There was no bone penetration, but the reduced bone thickness allowed the force of the strike to make its way to the brain. The rest of her skeleton has not yet been found due to the density of remains in the gravesite.
More information: Mahdi Alirezazadeh et al, A Young Woman From the Fifth Millennium BCE in Chega Sofla Cemetery With a Modified and Hinge Fractured Cranium, Southwestern Iran, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology (2025).
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