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In our national discussions on domestic and family violence, much of the focus is rightly on the women experiencing the violence and how best to help them.

But another vital, less acknowledged part of the puzzle is the impact on children.

Children and young people exposed to, or witnessing domestic violence between their parents or primary caregivers is as a form of child abuse.

They can be placed in otherwise . These include being forced to spy on a parent, defending a parent, intervening to stop the violence, or being used as a hostage.

After the event, young people can be the ones assisting with injuries, calling for emergency services and witnessing police intervention. Sometimes, they're forced to leave the home and seek refuge.

As we seek to end violence under , focusing on children will be key.

The extent of the problem

children living with domestic violence have greater rates of learning difficulties, poor health and well-being and may exhibit challenging behaviors.

The (2021–2022) identified one in eight adults (13%) witnessed violence between their parents or caregivers before the age of 15.

People were twice as likely to have witnessed violence towards their mother than their father.

There is also children and young people exposed to domestic violence are more likely to be victims of multiple forms of maltreatment.

The invited people aged 16 and older to participate. Four out of ten young people (aged 16–24) who responded to the survey and experienced childhood abuse, also reported more than one type of abuse.

What does this mean for them as adults?

Australians who witness violence against their mother as a young person are to become victims of intimate partner domestic violence from the age of 15, compared to people who are not exposed to domestic violence during childhood.

We don't know why they are at greater risk, but one theory is that children who grow up in a domestic violence household may minimize or normalize the behavior.

The Australian National Community Attitudes Survey on Violence Against Women a quarter of Australians (23%) minimize domestic violence, believing it's is an overreaction to day to day stress.

We don't know how many people in Australia who witness domestic violence as a child become perpetrators of intimate partner abuse as adults.

However, have found witnessing parental violence as a young person is the highest risk factor associated with the likelihood of perpetrating violence in adult relationships (28%). This is by permissive attitudes on violence against women (24%).

released by the Australian Institute of Family Studies further reveals men who grow up with positive father figure role models expressing affection are 48% less likely to become perpetrators of family violence in adulthood.

Do childhood victims become adult victims?

While there is a real increased risk of adult domestic violence among children who witness parental domestic violence, it is not the majority.

(34%) Australian women who witness parental domestic violence against their mother become victims of adult domestic violence themselves. It's one in seven (14%) men.

As researchers, we are usually identifying a problem, rather than examining positive outcomes. This means less attention has been paid to understanding resilience and what protects young people.

Our research team has conducted two projects in which we spoke with young people about their experience of living with fathers who abused their mothers.

While we focused on and asking what they wanted to say to their fathers, it was common for them to mention they were fearful of forming their own intimate partner relationships.

They had heard of cycles of intergenerational violence and did not want to become like their fathers.

Can we break the cycle?

of a pilot project working directly with children and young people in the western suburbs of Melbourne found children living with domestic violence experienced present fear, overwhelming worry about their future, and an inability to form positive friendships.

Receiving one-on-one, intensive support helped them with improved confidence, decreased fear and overall increased happiness.

Both of these example studies with children and young people are small. Conducting research with children and young people involves greater attention to risk, ethics and safety, and often requires a greater amount of time for the whole process. Many projects are not sufficiently funded to include the voices of young people.

The available research shows the concerning long-term impact of childhood exposure to domestic violence, but it also shows hope.

It is a minority of children in these circumstances who become victims in adulthood, and we also estimate a minority who go on to perpetrate violence.

Reparative work with children does show their lives can be greatly improved. The participation of young people in research and the recent Australia's National Research Organisation for Women's Safety also shows they can clearly articulate an understanding of their experiences, what has worked for them, and importantly, what is not effective.

We have for what can work to prevent and end family violence if there is sufficient long-term investment.

But children's needs have been . We would benefit from a better understanding of what can help young people exposed to domestic violence and the positive impact of early intervention.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.