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Where did all the antimatter go? This mismatch in how subatomic particles behave could hold a clue

The first-known observations of matter–antimatter asymmetry in a decaying composite subatomic particle that belongs to the baryon class are reported from the LHCb experiment located at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. This effect, known as charge–parity (CP) violation, has been theoretically predicted, but hitherto escaped observation in baryons. The experimental verification of this asymmetry violation in baryons, in Nature this week, is important as baryons make up most of the matter in the observable universe.

Cosmological models suggest that matter and antimatter were created in equal amounts at the Big Bang, but in the present-day universe matter seems to dominate antimatter. This imbalance is thought to be driven by differences in the behavior of matter and antimatter: a violation of symmetry known as CP violation.

This effect has been predicted by the Standard Model of physics and observed experimentally in subatomic particles called mesons more than 60 years ago, but never previously observed in baryons. As opposed to mesons, which are formed by two quarks, baryons are formed by three quarks—particles that make up most of matter such as neutrons and protons are baryons.

Xueting Yang and colleagues of the LHCb experiment present the first observation of CP violation in baryon decays, using data collected from proton–proton collisions at the LHC. The CP asymmetry reveals a difference in behavior between baryonic matter and antimatter.

While such a violation was predicted and does not resolve the Big Bang matter–antimatter imbalance, finding out the details of this violation experimentally will offer important clues, opening up opportunities for further theoretical and experimental studies of the nature of CP violation. These findings potentially pave the way to search for physics beyond the Standard Model, the authors conclude.