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Continuous landmasses, now submerged, may have made it possible for early humans to cross between present-day Turkey and Europe, new research of this largely unexplored region reveals.

The findings, published in , unveil a previously undocumented Paleolithic presence in Ayvalık and more importantly could redocument our species' migration into the continent.

It has long been thought that Homo sapiens reached Europe primarily by coming via the Balkans and the Levant, from Africa into the Middle East.

However, with this new discovery of 138 lithic artifacts at 10 sites, across a region of 200km², the suggestion is that long before its olive groves and seaside charm, the northeastern Aegean coast of Ayvalık (now Turkey) was in fact another route for early humans navigating a changing prehistoric world.

"Our archaeological discovery has unveiled that this now-idyllic region once potentially offered a vital land bridge for human movement during the Pleistocene era—when sea levels dropped and the now-submerged landscape was briefly exposed," explains Dr. Göknur Karahan, from the Department of Archaeology-Prehistory, at Hacettepe University, in Turkey, who was part of a fully female team of expert archaeologists from the country.

"We are very excited and delighted with this discovery. These findings mark Ayvalık as a potential new frontier in the story of human evolution, placing it firmly on the map of human prehistory—opening up a new possibility for how early humans may have entered Europe.

"It feels like we are adding an entirely new page to the story of human dispersal. Our research raises exciting possibilities for future exploration, and we hope it emerges as a body of work that will shift the approach of Pleistocene archaeology for decades to come."

How were these findings possible?

During the Ice Age, sea levels dropped by more than 100 meters, exposing vast coastal plains that are now under water. At that time, today's islands and peninsulas of Ayvalık would have in fact been part of a continuous landmass, forming a natural bridge between Anatolia and Europe.

The tools found in this current discovery are right along the present-day coastline and mark evidence of people living and moving across these now-lost landscapes.

Factors like environmental processes and the depth of deposits have previously limited the ability to detect and preserve remains in Ayvalık.

"In all these periods, the present-day islands and peninsulas of Ayvalık would have formed interior zones within an expansive terrestrial environment," explains co-author Professor Kadriye Özçelik, from Ankara University.

"These paleogeographic reconstructions underscore the importance of the region for understanding hominin dispersals across the northeastern Aegean during the Pleistocene."

What was found?

The region's shifting geology and active coastlines in the North Aegean made preservation difficult and the number of items uncovered "limited." However, this research team managed to uncover Levallois technologies from various Paleolithic periods, as well as handaxes and cleavers.

Among the most significant finds include Levallois-style flake tools, sophisticated implements linked to the Middle Paleolithic Mousterian tradition—these are often associated with Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens.

"These large cutting tools are among the most iconic artifacts of the Paleolithic and are instantly recognizable even today, so are a very important find," explains Dr. Karahan.

"The presence of these objects in Ayvalık is particularly significant, as they provide direct evidence that the region was part of wider technological traditions shared across Africa, Asia, and Europe."

Describing the initial discovery of the 131 items, Dr. Karahan adds, "It was a truly unforgettable moment for us. Holding the first tools in our hands was both emotional and inspiring.

"And each find from there on was a moment of excitement for the whole team.

"Holding these objects —after walking across landscapes where no one had ever documented Paleolithic remains before— was unforgettable."

What does this discovery tell us about early humans?

The experts' key argument hinges on the potential of Ayvalık as a dynamic site for interaction and exchange, facilitating early human movement between the Anatolia peninsula and Europe.

Exploring how Anatolia, with specific focus on Ayvalık, and Europe were linked during glacial sea-level low stands offers alternative pathways for how early humans moved around the region beyond dominantly emphasized northern mainland-centered routes.

Addressing a gap in the scholarship, the authors' work provides a new foundation for examining resources and migration routes in which Ayvalık may have featured as part of a mobility corridor.

The survey's yield of tools demonstrates a "consistent use of Levallois technology and flake production… and a diversified toolkit," while all artifacts together offer what the team state are "valuable insights into early human presence, raw material preferences, and technological variability."

"The findings paint a vivid picture of early human adaptation, innovation, and mobility along the Aegean," Dr. Karahan explains.

"The results confirmed that Ayvalık—which had never before been studied for its Paleolithic potential—holds vital traces of early human activity."

Incredible recoveries, hundreds of thousands of years later

As this was a survey (carried out across a two-week period in June 2022) rather than an excavation, the team could not be certain of what they would find when they set off. They knew from the region's geology and paleogeography that there was potential. They explored—often muddy, (particularly in lowland basins and coastal plains)—sites by foot.

What followed was a "discovery of such a diverse and well-preserved set of artifacts, which exceeded our expectations," Dr. Karahan says.

Although these recovery efforts were not without challenges, the authors explore what both the challenges and findings reveal in the paper.

They state, "The widespread, muddy cover was considered a limiting factor for the preservation and detectability of Paleolithic materials.

"However, despite these constraints, high-quality raw material sources, such as flint and chalcedony, were identified in multiple locations, including areas affected by alluvial deposition."

Future potential

Fellow author Dr. Hande Bulut, from Düzce University, adds, "Ultimately, the results underline Ayvalık's potential as a long-term hominin habitat and a key area for understanding Paleolithic technological features in the eastern Aegean.

"While preliminary, the current findings underscore the region's potential to contribute to broader debates on Aegean connectivity and technological evolution during the Pleistocene.

"Excitingly, the region between the North Aegean and the Anatolian mainland, may still hold valuable clues to early occupation despite the challenges posed by active geomorphological processes."

The team recommends future research use a multidisciplinary approach to outline absolute dating, stratigraphic excavation, and paleoenvironmental reconstruction, which they describe as "essential to clarify the temporal depth and functional character of the Ayvalık assemblage."