Convergent evolution of molecules in electric fish
Having a set of extra genes gave fish on separate continents the ability to evolve electric organs, report researchers from The University of Texas at Austin.
Dr. Harold Zakon and colleagues, in a paper recently published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, show that African and South American groups of fish independently evolved electric organs by modifying sodium channel proteins typically used in muscle contraction.
Mutations in sodium channel proteins can cause serious muscular disorders, epilepsy and heart problems in humans and other vertebrates.
But fish have two copies of many of their genes, and Zakon found that the duplicate sodium channel gene could mutate and evolve without harming the fish.
鈥淭he spare gene gave [the electric fish] a little bit of evolutionary leeway,鈥� says Zakon, professor of neurobiology. 鈥淭his is really one of the first cases that the ancestral gene duplication in fish has actually been linked to a gene that has been freed up and evolving in accordance with a 鈥榥ew lifestyle.鈥欌��
Zakon and colleagues looked at two sodium channel genes in the electric organs and muscles in electric and non-electric fish. Electric fish use their electric organs, which are modified muscles, to communicate with each other and sense their environment.
The researchers found that electric fishes expressed one of the sodium channel genes in their electric organs only, while non-electric fish express both genes in their muscles.
鈥淢ost fish have both genes in the muscle, but as the new electric organ was evolving, the sodium channel鈥攂y being lost from the muscle鈥攂ecame devoted to the electric organ,鈥� Zakon says. 鈥淪o two times, independently, the gene has been 鈥榣ost鈥� from the muscle. It鈥檚 no longer able to turn on in a cell that for millions of years it turned on in, and now it鈥檚 turning on in this new organ.鈥�
When the research team looked at the sodium channel protein sequences, they found that some of the mutations occurred at the same or very close to sites in the protein where mutations have been shown to cause disease in humans.
鈥淔unctionally important parts of this molecule are changing in order to change the electrical discharge in the fish鈥攃hanges that would be detrimental in a human muscle,鈥� says Zakon.
Looking at the convergent evolution of sodium channels in these fish helps neurobiologists identify important parts of these proteins relevant to human health, adds Zakon.
鈥淲hen natural selection is acting to cause changes in a part of a molecule, you know it鈥檚 functionally important,鈥� he says. 鈥淣atural selection can start showing you the important parts of molecules. We took the evolutionary approach, which is very compatible with the clinical approach.鈥�
The research team included evolutionary biologist Dr. David Hillis, graduate student Derrick Zwickl and research associate Ying Lu.
Source: University of Texas at Austin
