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Strength in numbers? For wolves, maybe not

(�鶹��ԺOrg.com) -- Watching a pack of wolves surround and hunt down much larger prey leaves most people with the impression that social predators live in groups because group hunting improves the odds of a kill. But according to findings by Utah State University wildlife ecologist Dan MacNulty, that explanation may not tell the whole story.

“Surprisingly few studies have tested whether hunting success actually increases with group size,” says MacNulty, assistant professor in USU’s Department of Wildland Resources.

He and colleagues Douglas Smith of the Yellowstone Center for Resources, David Mech of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, John Vucetich of Michigan Technological University and Craig Packer of the University of Minnesota explored this idea using modern statistical techniques and direct observations of individually known wolves hunting elk in Yellowstone National Park. Their findings appear in the September-October 2011 issue of Behavioral Ecology.

“What we discovered is that hunting success increased with groups up to four wolves then leveled off,” says MacNulty, who has been involved with the Yellowstone Wolf Project since its 1995 inception. “With groups of more than four, we observed that individual hunting effort decreased.”

While wolves are often portrayed as invincible predators in popular culture, they’re extremely vulnerable when pursuing large mammals.

“Hunting large prey is dangerous,” says MacNulty, who has observed wolves kicked, gored and stomped to death by elk and bison. “For that reason, wolves are very cautious hunters. There’s a lot of incentive to ‘hold back’ and let others go in for the kill.”

Part of what determines a wolf’s willingness to engage in the most dangerous tasks of hunting is the individual’s size, age and hunting ability. Wolves reach their physical peak around three to four years of age. What also determines a wolf’s willingness to mix it up is how much the animal has at stake.

“As you might guess, parents generally take the lead because they have offspring to provide for,” he says.

But even in groups of able-bodied breeders, effort declines when more than four canids join the hunting party.

“It makes sense to look out for number one,” MacNulty says. “Given a choice, wolves will stay out of harm’s way until it’s safe to enjoy the spoils of the hunt. They’re opportunists. And this challenges the popular belief that wolves are highly cooperative hunters.”

He says abundant evidence points to similar patterns with many other animals, ranging from such diverse species as spiders to chimpanzees.

“Hunting success also peaks in small groups with other social predators,” MacNulty says. “But our study is the first to rigorously test this pattern and demonstrate that it’s likely due to individuals switching from cooperation to ‘free riding’ as group size increases. Our study also suggests that social predators live in large groups for reasons unrelated to group hunting ���ܳ��������.”

The team’s findings also offer insight into wolves’ behavior and their patterns of predation, he says. Such findings may assist efforts to prevent conflicts between wolves and livestock.

“Wolves are risk-averse,” MacNulty says. “Management that takes advantage of this behavior may be an effective way to reduce wolf predation on livestock.”