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October 16, 2012

Researcher advocates 'student-centered' approach to science education

Credit: Florida State University
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Credit: Florida State University

(Âé¶¹ÒùÔº)—A group of educational researchers at Florida State University are drawing widespread attention after their paper measuring the superior results of a more "student-centered" approach to teaching science was published in the pre-eminent journal Science.

The stakes are extraordinarily high, so it is critical that the United States find more effective ways of teaching the so-called STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) in K-12 classrooms, said the paper's lead author, Ellen Granger.

"By many measures, the United States is not making much, if any, progress in science and math learning," said Granger, who is director of Florida State's Office of Science Teaching Activities and co-director of FSU-Teach. "Ultimately, this has the potential to put us at a global , in addition to not preparing our for their adult roles in dealing with the many future societal issues that will have their foundations in science."

Working with five colleagues, Granger compared science instruction as it looks in most U.S. elementary school classrooms today—what's known as "teacher-centered instruction"—with the "student-centered instruction" recently called for by the National Research Council of the National Academies.

The FSU researchers found that students who received student-centered instruction scored higher on tests measuring content knowledge and had a better understanding of the processes of science inquiry than those who were taught in the more traditional teacher-centered classrooms. Their findings were documented in the paper "The Efficacy of Student-Centered Instruction in Supporting Science Learning."

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The study was a large-scale, randomized control trial comparing these two approaches using a space science unit. A total of 125 fourth- and fifth-grade teachers and their 2,600 students participated—half in the teacher-centered (control) group and half in the student-centered (experimental) group.

In the teacher-centered model that is prevalent today, the act of "sense making"—mentally processing and developing an understanding of complex problems, then working toward solutions—is done by the teachers and relayed to their students through lectures and/or readings. They may also use hands-on activities, but usually these simply confirm what the teacher has already told the students.

"In teacher-centered instruction, the students do not have to do much thinking—they just follow the recipe," Granger said.

By contrast, in student-centered instruction, the teacher acts as a facilitator to support and guide students as they engage in scientific practices—the students are doing the sense making. This kind of teaching is difficult and requires high-quality professional development, but it tends to result in a deeper understanding of scientific principles and improved reasoning skills among students, Granger said.

Among the study's findings:

In addition to Granger, the research team consisted of Todd Bevis, a research associate in the Office of Science Teaching Activities; Yavuz Saka, a former FSU postdoctoral researcher now teaching at Bülent Ecevit University in Turkey; Professor Sherry Southerland of FSU's School of Teacher Education, who also co-directs FSU-Teach with Granger; Victor Sampson, an assistant professor in the School of Teacher Education; and Richard Tate, a retired College of Education faculty member specializing in applied statistics and measurement.

More information:

Journal information: Science

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