麻豆淫院

The recurrent myth that the label "P膩keh膩" is derogatory is challenged by the latest findings from the large scale New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study. The study found generally positive feelings between M膩ori and New Zealanders of European descent, say researchers Dr Chris Sibley, Dr Carla Houkamau and Dr William Hoverd.

"We found no evidence whatsoever for the suggestion that the term 'P膩keh膩' is in any way pejorative or might reflect a negative attitude toward New Zealanders of European descent," says Dr Sibley from The University of Auckland's School of Psychology. Dr Sibley leads the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (NZAVS).

"Our findings indicate that the choice by M膩ori to use the term P膩keh膩 is linked to how strongly they identify as M膩ori. The choice to use Te Reo is part of identity 鈥� rather than anything to do with Maori attitudes toward New Zealanders of European descent," says Dr Carla Houkamau of The University of Auckland Business School.

"Our data show that M膩ori who prefer the term P膩keh膩 to other descriptions, such as 'New Zealand European', 'Kiwi', or 'New Zealander', tend to view their own ethnicity as a more central to their self-concept," says Dr Sibley. "M膩ori also express very positive, warm attitudes toward New Zealanders of European descent generally, regardless of the label that they use to describe them."

"We think this is a really positive finding for New Zealand," adds Dr William Hoverd, a Research Associate in the School of Classics, Art History and Religious Studies at Victoria University of Wellington.

"The New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study provided the first opportunity to actually test this idea out in a nationally representative sample" says Dr Carla Houkamau. The study surveys the attitudes and beliefs of thousands of New Zealanders, and provided data on a wide range of questions from race relations to religious beliefs and personality types.

New Zealanders of European descent also had generally warm attitudes towards M膩ori, but those who preferred to self-label as P膩keh膩 expressed more positive views of M膩ori than those who chose other terms, such as "New Zealander" or "New Zealand European"

"Our findings suggest that Europeans who prefer to use the term P膩keh膩 to describe themselves, are likely expressing a desire to recognise a positive relationship with M膩ori", says Dr Sibley. Europeans who prefer to use the term P膩keh膩 were generally supportive of symbolic aspects of biculturalism the study showed.

The New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study, launched by Dr Sibley in 2009, surveys thousands of New Zealanders every year on a wide range of topics. The latest findings are derived from an analysis of two of the questions in the 2009 survey, about the terms people prefer to describe New Zealanders of European descent and their ratings of warmth toward themselves and members of other ethnic groups.

Use of the term P膩keh膩 was relatively low overall (14%) and the most popular term was New Zealander (50%). Amongst M膩ori levels of support for the four main terms were: New Zealander 37%, P膩keh膩 31%, Kiwi 24%, and New Zealand European 19%. Amongst New Zealanders of European descent they were 53%, 12%, 17%, and 25% respectively. The findings were published in the journal Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy.

A total of 6,518 people took part in the survey and their ethnicities were broadly representative of the New Zealand population, with 1,163 M膩ori participants and 4,618 New Zealanders of European descent.