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Interdisciplinary studies reveal relationship between solar activity and climate change

Solar flux is considered to be the fundamental energy source of Earth's climate system on long time scales. In recent decades, some studies have noted that tiny variations in solar activity could be amplified by the nonlinear process in the climate system. Therefore, factors such as solar activity present intriguing and cutting-edge questions to better understand climate change.

Due to the interdisciplinary nature of this subject, studies in this field were insufficient in China. In 2012, China's National Basic Research Program examined the impacts of astronomy and Earth motion factors on climate change. Led by Prof. Ziniu XIAO (Institute of Atmospheric Â鶹ÒùÔºics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), this five-year research program has greatly advanced understanding of this topic.

One of the major achievements by the multidisciplinary team is that a robust relationship between solar wind speed and the North Atlantic Oscillation was found variations not only on a day-to-day time scale but also year-to-year, suggesting a much faster mechanism of solar influence on the atmospheric system compared to ozone destruction. Moreover, the team improved the collision and parameterization scheme and qualitatively evaluated the effects of solar energetic particle flux on cloud charge. Hence, the team proposed that the solar wind and electric-microphysical effect was the key mechanism of solar activity on climate.

With the help of observations and model simulations, the team also found that the solar signal is more significant and detectable on an interdecadal time scale in some more sensitive regions, especially the tropical Pacific (e.g., the lagged dipolar convection pattern in the tropical western Pacific; lagged El Niño Modoki-like pattern on the tropical ocean surface) and monsoon regions (eg. rainband during the Mei-Yu season; the north boundary of East Asian summer monsoon). Then the team developed a physical model to depict the interdecadal response of the air-sea system to solar activity.

The results above have been published in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of Meteorological Research, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Journal of Climate, and Advances in Space Research.

The follow-up research by the team is currently in progress and focuses on two main aspects: One is the effects of solar radiative forcing and solar energetic particles on climate in middle-high latitudes through modulating polar stratospheric-troposphere coupling, and the other is the response of a tropical Pacific air-sea system to interdecadal variation in solar activity and how this response propagates into middle latitudes through East Asian monsoon activity.

A program report is recently published in .