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For centuries, the was a driving force in many scientific disciplines. Understanding an atom's structure and the development of nuclear science allowed scientists to accomplish the old goal of —.

Over the past few decades, scientists in the , and have figured out how to use special tools and create new, .

These heavy elements usually aren't stable. Heavier elements , or positively charged particles in the nucleus; some that scientists have created . With that many protons, the electromagnetic repulsive forces between protons in the atomic nuclei overwhelm the attractive nuclear force that keeps the nucleus together.

Scientists have that elements with around 164 protons could have a relatively long , or even be stable. They call this the ""—here, the attractive nuclear force is strong enough to balance out any electromagnetic repulsion.

Since heavy elements are difficult to make in the lab, have been looking for them elements everywhere, . To narrow down the search, we need to know what sort of natural processes could produce these elements. We also need to know what properties they have, like their mass densities.

Calculating density

From the outset, my team wanted to figure out the mass density of these superheavy elements. This property could tell us more about how the atomic nuclei of these elements behave. And once we had an idea about their density, we could get a better sense of where these elements might be hiding.

To figure out the mass density and other of these elements, my research team used a model that represents an atom of each of these heavy elements as a single, charged cloud. This model works well for large atoms, particularly metals that are laid out in a lattice structure.

We first applied this model to atoms with known densities and calculated their chemical properties. Once we knew it worked, we used the model to calculate the density of elements with 164 protons, and other elements in this island of stability.

Based on our calculations, we expect stable metals with atomic numbers around 164 to have densities between 36 to 68 g/cm³ (21 to 39 oz/in³). However, in our calculations, we used a conservative assumption about the mass of atomic nuclei. It's possible that the actual range is up to 40% higher.

Asteroids and heavy elements

Many scientists and other heavy metals were deposited on Earth's surface after .

The same thing could have happened with these superheavy elements, but super mass dense heavy elements sink into ground and are eliminated from near the Earth's surface by the . However, while researchers might not find superheavy elements on Earth's surface, they could still be in asteroids like the ones that might have brought them to this planet.

Scientists have estimated that some asteroids have mass densities greater than that of (22.59 g/cm³, 13.06 oz/in³), the densest element found on Earth.

The largest of these objects is asteroid 33, which is and has a calculated density of 75.3 g/cm³ (43.5 oz/in³). But this density might not be quite right, since it's quite difficult to measure the mass and volume of far-away asteroids.

Polyhymnia isn't the only dense asteroid out there. In fact, there's a whole class of superheavy objects, including asteroids, which could contain these superheavy elements. Some time ago, I introduced the name , for this class.

In a study published in October 2023 in the European Â鶹ÒùÔºical Journal Plus, my team suggested some of the CUDOs orbiting in the solar system might still contain some of these in their cores. Their surfaces would have accumulated normal matter over time and would appear normal to a distant observer.

So how are these ? Some extreme astronomical events, like could be hot and dense enough to produce stable superheavy elements.

Some of the superheavy material could then remain on board asteroids created in these events. They could stay packed in these asteroids, which orbit the solar system for billions of years.

Looking to the future

The aims to create the largest, most precise three-dimensional map of everything in the sky. Researchers could use these extremely precise results to and figure out which ones might have an unusually large density.

Space missions are being conducted to collect material from the surfaces of asteroids and analyze them back on Earth. Both NASA and the have targeted low density near-Earth asteroids with success. Just this month, NASA's mission brought back a sample. Though the sample analysis is just getting started, there is a very small chance it could harbor dust containing superheavy elements accumulated over billions of years.

One mass-dense dust and rock sample brought back to Earth would be enough. , which launched in October 2023, will fly to and sample with a greater chance of harboring superheavy elements. More asteroid missions like this will help scientists better understand the properties of asteroids orbiting in the solar system.

Learning more about asteroids and exploring potential sources of superheavy elements will help scientists continue the century-spanning quest to characterize the matter that makes up the universe and better understand how objects in the solar system formed.

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