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The current global food and beverage system is .

In 2023, world leaders issued a acknowledging the role that more sustainable and resilient agri-food systems can and must play in responding to the climate crisis.

The wine industry is both one of the most affected by climate change and is also a to system-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

The wine industry has faced criticism over its more generally. However, it is consumer purchase decisions (which wine do I buy?) which have the greatest potential to drive much needed systemic change to improve sustainability across the wine industry.

Bottling grapes

Conventional wine production is , degrading land, water and air while reinforcing social injustices and inequity.

is responsible for over 17% of the sector's GHG emissions, mainly through fossil fuel-powered machinery, while the application of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers can reduce biodiversity, and pollute local rivers and lakes.

Less visible are the social injustices experienced by many of the critical migrant workers employed during the grape harvest. In the 2023 harvest, two investigations were launched in Champagne. Investigators discovered numerous undocumented workers living in squalid conditions describing their ordeal as being "treated like slaves."

Wine-making accounts for up to through electricity, chemical and water use. However, . Bottles can weigh from around to almost .

It's estimated that used in the United States are shipped from China, crossing the Pacific Ocean before being filled and then distributed across the globe. The heavier the bottle, the more fossil fuels are required to . Then once consumed, managing the waste creates further .

Growing actions

The wine industry is responding to these challenges. In fact, Canada has been pioneering some of the important initiatives. For instance, the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) is one of the world's largest alcohol purchasers and requires that standard wine bottles (750 ml) sold through their stores .

Both small and large producers in the , , and are using lighter bottles to reduce their environmental impact and save money.

are also playing their part, by beginning to add the bottle weight in their reviews. Reusing empty bottles can also significantly reduce emissions——a²Ô»å are making significant progress in this regard.

with lower carbon footprints do exist, including bottles made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), paper bottles, boxed wine, wine on tap and aluminum cans. Unfortunately, to buy wine in these alternative formats, . Thus, consumer education is important.

While winegrowing using or principles may in some cases promote greater sustainability, these account for only 6% of vineyards.

Most wine producers employ more conventional grape growing methods, which in many cases are being adapted to create more sustainable practices. In the vineyard, these include using more disease and drought resistant grapes and , which require fewer chemical sprays and less water.

On the wine production side, many wineries—including in —are investing in geothermal systems for heating and cooling needs in the winery, significantly reducing electricity use. These initiatives are supported by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV)—whose 50 member states produce —which recently promoting general principles of sustainability across all production phases.

Other industry organizations such as are focused on ways to reduce GHG emissions to net zero by 2050, while the is an independent group seeking to advance sustainability across the wine value chain and transfer that information to the consumer.

Encouraging sustainability

However, these efforts to improve sustainability have been uneven and inconsistent, wanting to make an informed decision when purchasing wine.

Recent research from our lab has shown relatively , but equally around the product, including buying more environmentally friendly wine, and paying more for both environmentally and socially responsible wines.

Interestingly, this is especially the case with , who value sustainability considerations more than older generations when .

Consumers seek easy ways to identify sustainable wine, such as clear visual cues on labels and trustworthy sustainability certifications. These considerations need to be priorities for the global wine industry as it seeks to respond to consumer demand, and address existential challenges to its long-term viability.

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