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Bullying is sadly a common experience for Australian children and teenagers. It is estimated experience bullying at some point in their schooling.

The impacts can be and include depression and anxiety, poorer school performance, and poorer connection to school.

The federal government is currently doing a "" of how to better prevent bullying in schools. To do this, we need a clear understanding of the full spectrum of aggressive behaviors that occur in schools.

We already know bullying can be physical, verbal and social, and can occur in person and online. But there is less awareness among educators and policymakers of "microaggressions." These can be more subtle but are nonetheless very damaging.

What's the difference between bullying and microaggressions?

Bullying is by a person or group against a targeted victim, with the intent to harm. The behavior is repeated and there is a power imbalance between the perpetrator and victim.

Microaggressions that communicates a person is less valued because of a particular attribute—for example, their race, gender or disability.

Microaggressions are repeated, cumulative and reflect power imbalances between social groups. A key difference with traditional bullying is that microaggressions are often unconscious on the part of the perpetrator and can be perpetrated with no ill intent.

For example, traditional bullying could include a child always excluding another child from the group, always pushing them when they walk past them, or calling them a rude name.

Microaggressions could include:

• saying "you don't look disabled" to a student with an invisible disability
• mispronouncing a student's name with no attempt to correct the pronunciation
• saying to a student of color, "wow, you're so articulate," implying surprise at their language skills
• minimizing a student with disability's experience by saying "it can't be that difficult. Just try harder."

We don't have specific statistics on prevalence within Australia, although there is ample research to say those from minority groups frequently experience microaggressions.

For example, studies of young people in the United States found incidents of , often focused on racism, homophobia, transphobia and fat stigma. Students who held more than one identity (for example, a minority race and sexual orientation) were .

Microaggressions in schools

My 2025 research on microaggressions towards dyslexic students in Australia found both and can be on the receiving end. Teachers, school support officers and other students could be perpetrators.

These interactions minimized the students' experiences of dyslexia and made them feel like second class students compared to their peers.

Some of the children reported comments from peers such as "oh yeah, reading, writing is hard already" which minimized the difficulties caused by dyslexia. Another student recalled how a peer had corrected her spelling "by snatching my book and re-writing it," assuming she couldn't do it herself. One student was made to feel bad for using a laptop in class as "someone said it was cheating."

The impact of microaggressions

Schools where microaggressions occur for all students.

This can have serious implications for students' , harm their and .

Research on US university students showed students may also become while waiting for future microaggressions to occur.

One found microaggressions can be so bad for some school students, they change schools in search of environments where staff and peers are more accepting.

How to address microaggressions

Research suggests addressing microaggressions can work as a to reduce other forms of bullying before it starts.

Studies also show of microaggressions is key to preventing and addressing incidents.

So a first step is to make sure schools, teachers and students are aware of microaggressions. Teachers should be educated about the relationship between microaggressions and bullying.

Schools need to create environments where microaggressions are understood, recognized and addressed. All students need to be taught appropriately as bystanders if they see microaggressions happening in the classroom, playground or online.

If a student feels that they or a friend has been made to feel less because of their identity, then they should be encouraged to seek help from an appropriate adult.

Schools also need proactive programs to foster inclusion in schools. Research shows can help by delivering programs in mental health and social and emotional development.

Just as schools, teachers and school psychologists can be proactive in addressing microaggressions so too can the federal government—by including microaggressions in its anti-bullying review.

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