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From the horrific in United States gymnastics to the "" some volleyball athletes endured at the Australian Institute of Sport, abuse in sport has been .

This abuse in elite sport has been particularly visible but it is not just happening at the top level. Abusive and harmful practices are happening in all sports, at all ages and at all competition levels.

While sport can have for young people, it can also have a dark side, one where , leading to serious psychological and physical harm.

How can parents ensure their children are safe?

Abuse in sports

showed 82% of those taking part in the study had experienced physical, psychological or sexual abuse during their time participating in community sport. This makes the abuse prevalence similar to that .

The line between abuse and acceptable behavior is blurred more in sport than in many other environments.

For example, in school, it would be unacceptable for a teacher to scream at a child who performed poorly on a test but in sports, screaming is a by a coach to correct a young athlete's behavior.

shows athletes often justify the behaviors of their coaches.

The following quote from an elite-level gymnast in an ongoing research project demonstrates how athletes often learn to accept abusive behaviors as necessary for their performance: "(He) was a strict coach. He spoke loudly […] but I'm a gymnast, I need that. I don't know if everybody needs that but if I did something really bad, he screamed at me and this kind of gave me motivation to push myself more, so for me, this type of coaching style was really good. "

Challenges and changes

The "win-at-all-costs" mentality in many sports is also problematic.

When winning is everything, abusive practices are not seen as a problem to be stamped out but rather as to motivate and toughen up the participants.

Athletes are not the only ones who normalize these practices. Parents, coaches and administrators might also come to tolerate, accept or even celebrate abusive behaviors and cultures as a "natural" part of sport.

This means experiences of abuse may flourish in such environments.

Thankfully, some sports organizations have in recent years to reduce the likelihood of abuse and deal with cases as soon as they arise.

Sport Integrity Australia (SIA), for example, is implementing national policies for and , where abuse and harmful behavior can be reported.

SIA has also recently co-developed a with other leading sports agencies to help coaches working with young athletes better navigate the complexities of physical, emotional and psychological development.

While these are potentially steps in the right direction, have pointed out that similar efforts have achieved mixed results and there are no guarantees of athlete safety.

Parents may therefore rightly ask what they might do to protect their child(ren) from abuse and maximize the positive gains from participating in sport.

Tips for parents and caregivers

Firstly, parents and caregivers have the right to be sporting participation.

This involves being informed about training times and competition schedules, training content, coaching style and behavioral expectations.

Parents should also be welcomed to watch their children's training sessions at any time and unannounced.

Denying parents information or access to facilities has been identified as a .

The right for inclusion also refers to decision-making. Sport is often hierarchical with authoritarian leadership styles, which are for abuse in sports.

So it is important that children and their parents are provided with spaces and opportunities to have a say in matters related to their (child's) sporting participation.

Secondly, young athletes and their parents/caregivers should be made aware of the policies and safety measures put in place to keep children safe.

If these are not clearly communicated, parents/caregivers are what actions a club has put in place.

If protection and prevention are not developed, or considered limited or ineffective, parents are recommended to raise their concerns.

Lastly, parents should be conscious of the "win-at-all-costs" mentality found in many sports and consider how this can lead to abusive practices being accepted as a "natural" part of sport.

By staying informed, involved and attentive, parents can play a powerful role in supporting safer sporting environments for all children.