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A sweeping new study from the University of Florida and University College London has found that daily reading for pleasure in the United States has declined by more than 40% over the last 20 years—raising urgent questions about the cultural, educational and health consequences of a nation reading less.

Published in the journal iScience, the study analyzed data from over 236,000 Americans who participated in the American Time Use Survey between 2003 and 2023. The findings suggest a fundamental cultural shift: fewer people are carving out time in their day to read for enjoyment.

"This is not just a small dip—it's a sustained, steady decline of about 3% per year," said Jill Sonke, Ph.D., director of research initiatives at the UF Center for Arts in Medicine and co-director of the EpiArts Lab, a National Endowment for the Arts research lab at UF in partnership with University College London. "It's significant, and it's deeply concerning."

Who's reading and who isn't

The decline wasn't evenly spread across the population. Researchers found steeper drops among Black Americans than white Americans, people with lower income or educational attainment, and those in rural (versus metropolitan) areas—highlighting deepening disparities in reading access and habits.

"While people with higher education levels and women are still more likely to read, even among these groups, we're seeing shifts," said Jessica Bone, Ph.D., senior research fellow in statistics and epidemiology at University College London. "And among those who do read, the time spent reading has increased slightly, which may suggest a polarization, where some people are reading more while many have stopped reading altogether."

The researchers also noted some more promising findings, including that reading with children did not change over the last 20 years. However, reading with children was a lot less common than reading for pleasure, which is concerning given that this activity is tied to early literacy development, academic success and family bonding, Bone said.

Why it matters

Reading for pleasure has long been recognized not just as a tool for education, but as a means of supporting mental health, empathy, creativity and lifelong learning. The EpiArts Lab, which uses large data sets to examine links between the arts and health, has previously identified clear associations between creative engagement and well-being.

"Reading has historically been a low-barrier, high-impact way to engage creatively and improve quality of life," Sonke said. "When we lose one of the simplest tools in our public health toolkit, it's a serious loss."

The American Time Use Survey offers a unique window into these trends.

"We're working with incredibly detailed data about how people spend their days," Bone said. "And because it's a representative sample of U.S. residents in private households, we can look not just at the national trend, but at how it plays out across different communities."

Why are Americans reading less?

While causes were not part of the study, the researchers point to multiple potential factors, including the rise of digital media, growing economic pressures, shrinking leisure time and uneven access to books and libraries.

"Our digital culture is certainly part of the story," Sonke said. "But there are also structural issues—limited access to reading materials, economic insecurity and a national decline in leisure time. If you're working multiple jobs or dealing with transportation barriers in a rural area, a trip to the library may just not be feasible."

What can be done?

The study's authors say that interventions could help slow or reverse the trend, but they need to be strategic.

"Reading with children is one of the most promising avenues," said Daisy Fancourt, Ph.D., a professor of psychology and epidemiology at University College London and co-director of the EpiArts Lab. "It supports not only language and literacy, but empathy, social bonding, emotional development and school readiness."

Bone added that creating more community-centered reading opportunities could also help: "Ideally, we'd make local libraries more accessible and attractive, encourage book groups, and make reading a more social and supported activity—not just something done in isolation."

The study underscores the importance of valuing and protecting access to the arts—not only as a matter of culture, but as a matter of public health.

"Reading has always been one of the more accessible ways to support well-being," Fancourt said. "To see this kind of decline is concerning because the research is clear: reading is a vital health-enhancing behavior for every group within society, with benefits across the life-course."