麻豆淫院

(麻豆淫院Org.com) -- James Bond frequently has to undertake spectacular feats to protect Queen and country against utter destruction under insurmountable odds. But what happens when the homeland is a bacterial cell, and the danger comes from the insurmountable odds of making large amounts of a complex molecule? You call in a sleeper agent 鈥� a protein called Spy.

That鈥檚 the discovery made by biochemist James Bardwell and his team from the University of Michigan, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, McGill University and the National Research Council of Canada鈥檚 Biotechnology Research Institute. Their findings, which included a model of the protein obtained from the Canadian Light Source, were published in the journal Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.

Many proteins used in pharmaceuticals, such as insulin, can be manufactured by bacteria that have had the instructions for making the desired protein inserted into their genetic code. However, the process doesn鈥檛 work well for all proteins, leading to botched batches of poorly-folded molecular clumps that are unable to function properly. Bardwell and his colleagues wanted to see if the system could be improved by making the bacteria an offer that was hard to refuse 鈥� linking protein production to their survival.

鈥淲e gave the bacteria a pretty stark choice 鈥� fold proteins or die,鈥� explained Dr. Bardwell. 鈥淲e linked making a stable target protein in strains of E. coli to their resistance to penicillin, and then grew them in a medium containing the drug. The bacteria could survive only if they could also fold the target protein really well.鈥�

The result: surviving bacteria produced up to 700 times more of the desired target protein than they would normally, along with large amounts of a little protein called Spy (short for spheroplast protein Y). It turns out Spy is a molecular chaperone 鈥� a type of molecule that facilitates the folding of proteins. The amount of Spy normally present in cells is vanishingly small, but in response to stress it is made in huge amounts . It is particularly induced in response to threats that would cause proteins inside the bacterium to unravel or clump uselessly, such as alcohol or tannins. While Spy had been previously identified inside bacteria, its function wasn鈥檛 understood until it was implicated in these 鈥榝old or die鈥� experiments.

鈥淎 lot of people were surprised that such well-studied bacteria as E. coli had a chaperone that had remained undiscovered,鈥� said Dr. Bardwell. 鈥淏ut many assay tests that look for chaperones wouldn鈥檛 find Spy; then again, no one else has tried to genetically select for protein folding like we did.鈥�

To better understand the workings of their enigmatic chaperone, the team needed to determine Spy鈥檚 molecular structure. Dr. Bardwell turned to his collaborator, Prof. Mirek Cygler at McGill University and the NRC Biotechnology Research Institute, who in turn sent crystals of Spy to the CLS.

The molecular model obtained from the CLS data revealed that Spy had even more surprises in store. Spy is one of the thinnest chaperone molecules ever found 鈥� a cradle-shaped molecule consisting of two parts, only nine ten-millionths of a millimetre thick (the same thickness, roughly, of nine hydrogen atoms) or about one fortieth the size of some better known chaperones. Spy鈥檚 cradle-shape may allow it to surround larger proteins, enabling them to fold properly while protecting them from harmful influences.

鈥淚t kind of acts like Teflon or a candy wrapper, covering the proteins and keeping them from clumping and sticking together,鈥� Dr. Bardwell noted.

Now that Spy has been identified, Dr. Bardwell and his team plan to study how the protein works in detail, while also looking for similar chaperones using the same genetic selection routine. They also hope to force bacteria to produce other poorly folding, unstable proteins like HIV鈥檚 鈥榯ail protein,鈥� seen by many as the target for a potential AIDS vaccine.

鈥淪py is the way E. coli fights off stressful environments by protecting proteins from unfolding,鈥� he explained. 鈥淏y making Spy fold the proteins we want, there are lots of places we could go.鈥�