麻豆淫院

Victor Frankenstein鈥檚 infamous monster led a brief, tragic existence, blazing a trail of death and destruction that prompted mobs of angry villagers to take up torches and pitchforks against him on the silver screen. Never once during his rampage, however, did the monster question the honesty of his ultimate creator, author Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.

That bit of horror was left to the scholars.

Now, a team of astronomers from Texas State University-San Marcos has applied its unique brand of celestial sleuthing to a long-simmering controversy surrounding the events that inspired Shelley to write her legendary novel Frankenstein. Their results shed new light on the question of whether or not Shelley鈥檚 account of the episode is merely a romantic fiction.

Texas State physics faculty members Donald Olson and Russell Doescher, English professor Marilynn S. Olson and Honors Program students Ava G. Pope and Kelly D. Schnarr publish their findings in the November 2011 edition of Sky & Telescope magazine, on newsstands now.

鈥淪helley gave a very detailed account of that summer in the introduction to an early edition of Frankenstein, but was she telling the truth?鈥� Olson said. 鈥淲as she honest when she told her story of that summer and how she came up with the idea, and the sequence of events?鈥�

A Dark and Stormy Night

The story begins, literally, in June 1816 at Villa Diodati overlooking Switzerland鈥檚 Lake Geneva. Here, on a dark and stormy night, Shelley鈥攎erely 18 at the time鈥攁ttended a gathering with her future husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, her stepsister Claire Clairmont, Lord Byron and John Polidori. To pass the time, the group read a volume of ghost stories aloud, at which point Byron posed a challenge in which each member of the group would attempt to write such a tale.

鈥淭he chronology that鈥檚 in most books says Byron suggested they come up with ghost stories on June 16, and by June 17 she鈥檚 writing a scary story,鈥� Olson said. 鈥淏ut Shelley has a very definite memory of several days passing where she couldn鈥檛 come up with an idea. If this chronology is correct, then she embellished and maybe fabricated her account of how it all happened.

鈥淭here鈥檚 another, different version of the chronology in which Byron makes his suggestion on June 16, and Shelley didn鈥檛 come up with her idea until June 22, which gives a gap of five or six days for conceiving a story,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut our calculations show that can鈥檛 be right, because there wouldn鈥檛 be any moonlight on the night that she says the moon was shining.鈥�

Moonlight is the key. In Shelley鈥檚 account, she was unable to come up with a suitable idea until another late-night conversation鈥攁 philosophical discussion of the nature of life鈥攖hat continued past the witching hour (midnight). When she finally went to bed, she experienced a terrifying waking dream in which a man attempted to bring life to a cadaverous figure via the engines of science. Shelley awoke from the horrific vision to find moonlight streaming in through her window, and by the next day was hard at work on her story.

Doubting Shelley

Although the original gathering and ghost story challenge issued by Byron is well-documented, academic scholars and researchers have questioned the accuracy of Mary Shelley鈥檚 version of events to the extent of labeling them outright fabrications. The traditionally accepted date for the ghost story challenge is June 16, based on an entry from Polidori鈥檚 diary, which indicates the entire party had gathered at Villa Diodati that night. In Polidori鈥檚 entry for June 17, however, he reports 鈥淭he ghost-stories are begun by all but me.鈥�

Critics have used those diary entries to argue Shelley didn鈥檛 agonize over her story for days before beginning it, but rather started within a span of hours. Others have suggested Shelley fabricated a romanticized version for the preface of the 1831 edition of Frankenstein solely to sell more books. Key, however, is the fact that none of Polidori鈥檚 entries make reference to Byron鈥檚 ghost story proposal.

鈥淭here is no explicit mention of a date for the ghost story suggestion in any of the primary sources鈥搕he letters, the documents, the diaries, things like that,鈥� Olson said. 鈥淣obody knows that date, despite the assumption that it happened on the 16th.鈥�

Frankenstein鈥檚 moon

Surviving letters and journals establish that Byron and Polidori arrived at Villa Diodati on June 10, narrowing the possible dates for the evening of Byron鈥檚 ghost story proposition to a June 10-16 window. To further refine the dates, Shelley鈥檚 reference of moonlight on the night of her inspirational dream provided an astronomical clue for the Texas State researchers. To determine which nights in June 1816 bright moonlight could鈥檝e shone through Shelley鈥檚 window after midnight, the team of Texas State researchers traveled in Aug. 2010 to Switzerland, where Villa Diodati still stands above Lake Geneva.

The research team made extensive topographic measurements of the terrain and Villa Diodati, then combed through weather records from June of 1816. The Texas State researchers then calculated that a bright, gibbous moon would have cleared the hillside to shine into Shelley鈥檚 bedroom window just before 2 a.m. on June 16. This calculated time is in agreement with Shelley鈥檚 witching hour reference. Furthermore, a Polidori diary entry backs up Shelley鈥檚 claim of a late-night philosophical 鈥渃onversation about principles鈥� of life taking place June 15.

Had there been no moonlight visible that night, the astronomical analysis would indicate fabrication on her part. Instead, evidence supports Byron鈥檚 ghost story suggestion taking place June 10-13 and Shelley鈥檚 waking dream occurring between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m. on June 16, 1816.

鈥淢ary Shelley wrote about moonlight shining through her window, and for 15 years I wondered if we could recreate that night,鈥� Olson said. 鈥淲e did recreate it. We see no reason to doubt her account, based on what we see in the primary sources and using the astronomical clue.鈥�