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Racial and ethnic disparities in advanced math and science skills occur far earlier in the U.S. than previously known. Our new study finds that display advanced math skills by kindergarten. The contrasting percentage for both Black and Hispanic students is 4%.

These disparities then continue to occur throughout elementary school. By fifth grade, 13% of white students and 22% of Asian students display advanced math skills. About 2% of Black students and 3% of Hispanic students do so. Similar disparities occur in advanced science skills.

What explains these disparities? Factors that consistently explain these disparities include the family's socioeconomic status—such as parental education and household income—and the student's own understanding of math, science and reading during kindergarten.

We observed these findings in analyzes of a nationally representative sample of about 11,000 U.S. elementary school students. The students were followed from the start of kindergarten until the end of fifth grade.

of U.S. scientists and engineers are Black or Hispanic.

Racial and ethnic disparities in advanced math and science skills are constraining the country's and . Students who display advanced math skills early are more likely to later obtain doctoral degrees in science, technology, engineering and math fields—collectively called STEM—and to become or .

Yet little has been known about how early racial and ethnic disparities in advanced math and science skills emerge. This information could help inform at a of child development.

Currently, most efforts by and to address Black and Hispanic underrepresentation in STEM begin in or . Yet minority students' in STEM careers begins to by middle school, with many students viewing scientists as stereotypically white.

Recent work suggests that racial and ethnic disparities in advanced math skills are in the U.S. by the upper elementary grades.

We were able to identify the factors that mostly explained disparities in advanced math or science skills between Hispanic and white students during elementary school. These factors included the family's socioeconomic status, the student's emerging bilingualism, and the student's early knowledge about math, science and reading. However, these same factors explained only some of the disparities between Black and white students.

Other factors we did not study could be involved, including the greater likelihood of to attend . The emerging bilingualism of many Hispanic students may help facilitate advanced STEM skills through greater , and problem-solving.

To increase STEM representation in high school, college and the workforce, efforts by educators and policymakers to support talented students of color may need to begin by the elementary grades.