麻豆淫院

Despite rapid advances in reading the genetic code of living organisms, scientists still face a major challenge today鈥攌nowing a gene's sequence does not automatically reveal what it does. Even in simple, well-studied bacteria like Escherichia coli (better known as E. coli), about one-quarter of the genes have no known function. Traditional approaches鈥攖urning off one gene at a time and studying the effects鈥攁re slow, laborious, and sometimes inconclusive due to gene redundancy.

Researchers from the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS Medicine) and collaborators from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) have developed a new technique called Dual transposon sequencing (Dual Tn-seq), which allows for rapid identification of genetic interactions. It maps how bacterial genes work together, revealing vulnerabilities that could be targeted by future antibiotics.

"This is like mapping the social network for bacterial genes," said Assistant Professor Chris Sham Lok To from the Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, NUS Medicine, who led the study. "We can now see which genes depend on each other, and which pairs of genes bacteria can't live without. That's exactly the insight we need for next-generation antibiotics."

Published in , the team used tiny, mobile genetic elements called transposons, each tagged with a unique DNA "barcode" to inactivate genes. By generating cells with two random transposon insertions and using a molecular "matchmaker" enzyme called Cre recombinase, the team could read both barcodes together, identifying double mutants on a genome-wide scale. Applied to Streptococcus pneumoniae鈥攁 major respiratory pathogen and an ideal genetic model because it is well-understood genetically and easy to manipulate in the lab鈥攖his method sampled 73% of the 1.3 million possible gene-pair deletions.

The team found 244 important gene partnerships in the bacteria, including deadly combinations where removing both genes caused the bacterium to die. In addition, they discovered PyrJ, a new enzyme that produces the building blocks of DNA. This enzyme is present in several disease-causing bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, making it a promising target for new antibiotics.

The researchers also identified YjbK, a protein that acts like a "starter switch" for building the bacterial cell wall, a vital structure that keeps the cell intact, while working out possible functions for 67 mysterious proteins by revealing which known genes they interacted with.

Beyond solving fundamental mysteries of gene function, Dual Tn-seq has far-reaching implications. By mapping bacterial gene networks, scientists can pinpoint metabolic vulnerabilities that could be targeted by new drugs, which could help combat the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance. The method is highly adaptable, requiring no pre-constructed mutant collections, and can be applied to other pathogens or tested under different conditions, such as antibiotic exposure or host-like environments.

"By looking at pairs of genes instead of just one at a time, we can uncover hidden weaknesses in bacteria that would otherwise go unnoticed," said Professor Adam Deutschbauer, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley. "This kind of insight not only deepens our understanding of how bacteria work, but also points us toward new strategies for tackling drug-resistant infections."

Looking ahead, the team aims to refine the method to study essential genes, apply it to other clinically important microbes, and generate large, high-quality datasets to train machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) models for functional genomics.